Mutabaruka yasesenguye impamvu inyungu ku nguzanyo ziri hajuru mu Rwanda
Guverineri wa Banki Nkuru y’Igihugu John Rwangombwa avuga ko inyungu ku nguzanyo mu Rwanda ziri hasi ugereranyije n’ahandi mu bihugu by’akarere
Banki Nkuru y’Igihugu (BNR) ubwo yagaragazaga politiki y’ifaranga uko ihagaze mu gice cya mbere cy’uyu mwaka wa 2015, hari bamwe bavuze ko mu Rwanda amafaranga y’inyungu zakwa ku nguzanyo (interest rate) ari hejuru cyane. Mutabaruka Jean Jacques ufite ubumenyi mu by’Ubukungu, asanga hari impamvu eshatu zatuma inyungu ku nguzanyo zigabanuka.
Mu kiganiro yagiranye n’Umuseke ku wa kane tariki 27 Kanama ubwo BNR yasohoraga raporo ku buryo politiki y’ifaranga ihagaze, J.J Mutabaruka yadutangarije ko mu Rwanda inyungu ku nguzanyo iri hejuru bitewe n’ibintu bitatu.
Icya mbere Mutabaruka abona ko kizamura inyungu ku nguzanyo ya banki, ni amafaranga banki ikura mu bafatanya bikorwa (deposit/ amafaranga y’abantu ku giti cyabo cyangwa agurwa mu yandi ma banki), aya ngo abahenze aho banki iyishyuraho inyungu iri hagati ya 8-9%, yabyise ‘cost of capital’.
Icya kabiri ngo amafaranga banki itanga nk’inguzanyo, irongera igatanga andi mafaranga yo kuzikurikirana ibyo Mutabaruka yise ‘Management fess’.
Mutabaruka Jean Jacques, Umunyarwanda ukiri mutoya wabaga mu mahanga ariko akaza gushora imari mu Rwanda, yashinzwe kompani igira inama abantu mu bijyanye no kubafasha kubona inguzanyo za banki yitwa ‘CONVERGENCIUM Ltd’.
Avuga mu gihe habaho gukoresha ikoranabuhanga mu buryo bwo gucunga inguzanyo zatanzwe, umuntu umwe akaba yakurikirana imishinga myinshi icyarimwe bishobora kugabanya amafaranga banki itanga ikurikirana inguzanyo.
Impamvu ya gatatu ituma inguzanyo za banki ziba ziri hejuru nk’uko Mutabaruka akomeza abivuga, ngo ni abantu baba baragurijwe amafaranga ariko ntibishyura nk’uko amasezerano bagira nye na banki abiteganya ibyo yise (cost of risks).
Yagize ati “’Cost of risk’ ni ukureba ngo niba dutanze amafaranga 100 hagaruka angahe? Bivuze ko niba mu bantu 100 bahawe inguzanyo hishyuye 93, abo bishyuye bagomba kuziba icyuho cya ya mafaranga yatanzwe ataragaruka kugira ngo banki zikomeze gukora.”
Ati “Iyo uteranyije ya mafaranga yose atangwa mu nguzanyo, uburyo akurikiranwa n’atagaruka bituma inyungu ku nguzanyo ziba hejuru. Icyo twakora ni ukugabanya izo ‘costs’ zose, ariko cyane cyane duhereye ku mafranga atagarukira banki. Igihe abatishyura banki bazaba bageze kuri 2% cyangwa bose bishyura, inyungu ku nguzanyo zizahita zigabanuka.”
Mutabaruka atanga inama ku bagana banki ko bajya babanza kumvikana na zo ku nyungu bazishyura, kuko ngo iyo ufite ingwate ifatika, ukaba ugaragaza ko uzishyura neza, banki yakwiye kukugabanyiriza inyungu uzishyura ku mwenda izaguha.
Ati “Abagana banki nabakangurira ko igihe bagiye gufata umwenda bajya baganira na banki. Kuko niba wizeye ko amafaranga yawe nta ‘risks’ afite, ukwiye gusabwa inyungu ntoya kurusha ufite ‘risks’ zo hejuru.”
Icyo ngo ni cyo kampani ye igiye kujya ifasha abantu kubarebera imishinga yabo nib anta mpungenge (risks) ifite babafashe kugira ngo babashe kumvikana na banki zibagabanyirize inyungu ku nguzanyo.
Yagize ati “Niba ufite umushinga mwiza ukerekana uko uzatanga inyungu, ndetse ukaba ufite ingwate ifatika, icyo gihe amafaranga ya banki nta ‘risk’ iba ihari y’uko atazagaruka, ni yo mpamvu ugomba kumvikana na banki bakakugabanyiriza inyungu ku nguzanyo.”
Gusa Banki y’Igihugu ivuga ko mu Rwanda inyungu ku nguzanyo ziri hagati ya 13-19% kandi ngo ugereranyije n’uko mu bihugu byo mu karere bihagaze, ndetse ngo ahenshi bari hejuru ya 20% y’inyungu ku nguzanyo.
Prof Kigabo Thomas, ‘Chief Economist muri BNR’ ubwo yatangaga amahugurwa ku banyamakuru batara inkuru z’ubukungu, yavuze ko inyungu ku nguzanyo muri banki ziterwa n’uko abaturage b’igihugu bitabira kubitsa no kwizigamira muri banki, bityo ngo umuco wo kubitsa n’uzamuka banki na zo zishobora kuzagabanya inyungu zaka ku nguzanyo.
Kigabo avuga ko mu Rwanda, inguzanyo zidakora neza (Non-performing loans) ziri ku gipimo cya 7% kandi ngo byaragabanutse ugereranyije n’aho byahoze mbere, ngo icyo gihe abishyura nibakomeza kuba benshi banki na zo zishobora kuzamanura amafaranga y’inyungu ku nguzanyo.
HATANGIMANA Ange Eric
UM– USEKE.RW
English
7 Comments
Bimwe mu byo uyu mugabo avuga nibyo ariko nko kuri management cost sibyo kuko iyo urebye neza icyo kiguzi kiba mu bisanzwe kiri ku ruhande gitandukanye n’inyungu zakwa na Banki. Ikindi umuntu yakongeraho mu bizamura igipimo cy’inyungu ni ukuntu zitangwa ubwazo aho Banki ziha umuntu umwenda kubera impamvu zindi nk’ikimenyane na ruzwa kandi bigaragara neza ko umushinga udashobora kunguka. Ibi bituma umubare wa ba bantu batishyura wiyongera kandi Banki zibifitemo uruhare rukomeye. Icya nyuma umuntu atakwirengagiza ni Banki ziba zishaka kunguka cyane. Muzumve iyo batangaza urwunguko uko ruba rungana mu gihe benshi mu bakiriya baba barayatayemo!
Ibyo uyu muntu avuga birumvikana ariko uburyo yabisobanuyemo ntibwumvikana neza, urugero ku ingingo ya gatatu ya risk yagiye abivanga hamwe na hamwe, kuvuga ko iyo ufite ingwate ifatika bisobanura ko ari free risk ntabwo aribyo namba kuko iyo tuvuga risk ntabwo ari ingwate iba uvugwa gusa kuko n’umushinga ubwawo nawo ugira risk kuko kugira ingwate ntibihagije ahubwo umushinga nyirizina niwo kamara.
Kuba umuntu yaba afite inzu ya 20M ntibisobanura ko bank yahita imuha 10M ako kanya y’inguzanyo, buri bank yose igira loan policy na loan limits, urugero niba ari loan k’umushahara hari abavuga bati hejuru ya 5M bisaba ingwate abandi bakavuga 7M…5M…
Imishinga niyo nyirabayazana w’ibibazo byose ariko nabwo bigahuhurwa n’ubukungu bwu Rwanda buhora buhindagurika umunsi kuwundi, uraka umwenda ukagura moto bwacya zigacibwa mumuhanda utari warangiza kwishyura……kwaka inyungu zo hejuru rero bituruka ko ubukungu butizewe neza bigatuma habaho gufatira hejuru hashoboka hirindwa ibihombo bituruka rimwe na rimwe ku ihungabana ry’ifaranga ku isoko cg ubukungu bw’imbere ugereranyije no hanze y’igihugu
BNR ari nayo ishinzwe kubungabunga ubukungu bw’igihugu ikwiye gukora ubushakashatsi ku impamvu itera ibibazo mubukungu maze inzego bireba zikagira icyo zikora naho ubundi tuzaguma tuzunguruka…
Abanyarwanda bakwiye gukora cyane kandi letat ikaborohereza cyane.
kandi umuntu agomba gukora ibyo ashoboye harimo no kubashakira isoko ubuhinzi bwunguka cyane iyo bubonye isoko.
Ubworozi bwunguka cyane ariko impamvu abaturage batabikora nuko biboneka nti babone isoko.
Ubuyobozi bugomba kumenya ubikorwa abaturage bakora icyo bimaze niba ataribyo ntabwo igihugu cya kunguka narimwe.
eg Inkoko 1 yatera amagi 12 mu mezi atatu iba yongeye gutera andi kandi icukije 12 mu mwaka inkoko yaba ifite inkoko 400.
mubwire nangahe waba wungutse ariko bisaba ko ubuyonozi bumenya icyo bukwiye gukora, mukurwanya ubukene. mfatiye ko nta munyarwanda wabura ibihumbi 4000 byo kugura inkoko imwe. Ariko babikoze bose zabura isoko.
Ndakeka wenda ibyo yavuze yabivuze kubera gushaka gukora promotion ya company ye ariko ukuri nuko murwanda harimo ubukene bukabije muti gute:
1. Buri munyarwanda wese ushaka kugira icyo akora cyunguka yaka inguzanyo kuko nta capital afite noneho niba uzineza la roi de l’offre et de la Demande bihita byikora inyungu ikazamuka, kuko ntago bank yazamura inyungu ntabantu baza gufata inguzanyo.
2. Ikindi kubera bwa bukene bukabije muri murwanda biragoye kubona umuntu waza gutanga term deposit yigihe kirekire kandi nuje usanga asaba inyungu nini guko azi neza ko bank zirirwa zisaba ababa bafite amafaranga kuyazana bakabaha inyungu nini, ibi mubindi bihugu usanga hariho abaza bagatanga deposit izamara imyaka hejuru ya cumi nitanu ari nkandi kuko ababa bayafite ari benshi inyungu basaba ugasanga ari nkeya. Ibi ntibibaho murwanda kuko nabo bakire ubona abashi nubundi bakoresha aya bank mugihe ahandi usanga ahubwo bank ari zo zikoresha amafaranga yabakire bari ahongaho. Urugero hafi bank zose zo murwanda majority shareholders are from outside bivuze ko nubundi tuzahora muri iki kibazo kuko nayanyungu ibonetse isubira iyo iwabo mbega we are importing money hence there is cost associated to it.
3. Ikindi kibitera ni ubumenyi buke mugukorana na bank numusaruro muke kubanyarwanda bituma ubukungu bwurwanda aho kujya imbere busubira inyuma, kuko niba wakoresheje amafaranga ya bank nyuma ukagira umusaruro muke bank zo ntakibazo kuko uzazishyu ayazo niba wayabonye ariko wowe ndetse na Rwanda yacu muri gusubira inyuma kuko yanyungu nkuko nabivuze haruguru yagiye hanze nibe.
Umwanzuro : ibi byose bizatuma dukora cyane ariko ntidutere imbere niba ntagihindutse, naho utwo wavuze ni utwana mubibazo bank zurwanda zifite kandi erega nabariya batanga political response kandi dukeneye technical response.
Ibyo avuga nibyo ariko urusobe (complexity) rwabyo rurenze uko umuntu yabyumva abisomye aha.
Urugero: igiciro cy’igishoro (cost of capital) gishobora guhura n’agaciro k’ifaranga cyane igihe banki yaba ibona ikoresha amwe mu mafaranga yabikijwe mu yandi ma devise (nk’amadolari), bivuga ko iyo idolari rizamutse igiciro cy’igishoro kizamuka kandi inyungu yaciwe uwahawe inguzanyo ikiri yayindi.
Hari undi wavuze no ku rwunguko banki ziba zitegereje. Icyo nacyo ni kimwe mubituma banki izamura igiciro cy’inguzanyo.
Ariko ndemeranywa nawe ko imishinga itagombye gufatwa kimwe ngo ihabwe inguzanyo ku giciro kimwe ahubwo risks za buri mushinga zarebwa ukwazo bivuze ko nyiri umushinga aba akwiye kumvikana na banki ku giciro cy’inguzanyo bitewe n’umushinga we.
Nyuma yo gusoma iyi nkuru n’ibitekerezo byayikurikiye na njye mfite ibitekerezo bibiri:
1. Ibi bisobanuro byatanzwe na MUTABARUKA ndabona ari inyunganizi ikomeye. Hari aho Nato yavuze ngo ibi bibazo ni “utwana”: byaba byo bitaba byo, ni ibibazo bitarakemuka kandi na byo bitudindiza, niba rero byo dushyizemo ugushaka guhagije twabikemura twakwihe guhera aho bikaba intambwe ya mbere. Naho rero ibibazo Nato yavuze bitari “utwana” bigaragara nk’aho tutarabasha kugira icyo tubikoraho cyane.
2. Mu myumvire yanjye akamaro ka banki, ni ukunganira abakora imishinnga kugirango bizamure bazamura n’ubukungu bw’igihugu (bitavuze ko babahera amafaranga ubuntu). Ikibabaza rero ni uko nta banki n’imwe hano iwacu usangamo umuntu ushobora gukora isesengura (analysis) y’umushinga ngo abone koko ko: ari ibintu bizunguka vuba, bishoboka (technically), bizabona isoko, … kugirango hanyuma nabo basangire risk ni umunyabikorwa bamuha interest rate yo hasi. Iyo umuntu abatungutse imbere ni : “Ingwate irihe ..?”, ibya inyigo y’umushinga (Business Plan) nta cyo bibabwiye rwose! Ibi rero byo birababaje cyane kandi nta cyizere bitanga ku mishinga myiza cyangwa idasanzwe (itari ugucuruza inyanya) by’ejo hazaza
ibyo jean j avga birumvikana financially kuko ukemura ibibazo ahera kubyagaragaye bkava munzira imwe mumpamvu ituma ibyo byose biza nuko iyo myenda yose yakwa yakwa mumpapuro ntagihe gihagije abaka imyenda nabayihabwa babona cyo kwicara ngo baganire maze haveho gushyiraho amtegeko adashobora guhinduka hagendewe kubwumvikane busesuye bwabo bombi….
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