UMURURUMBA ukomeje gutuma abantu bangiza Isi batuye

*Amoko 14 152  y’inyamaswa yabaruwe,   3 706 ari kugenda acika
*Guhera mu 1970 kugeza muri 2012  58% by’amako y’inyamaswa ntakibaho
*2009 muri Tanzania hari inzovu 44 806-  2017 hari hasiganye 15 217, 66% zarishwe
*Ubu 30% y’ubutaka bwose bw’isi bwarangiritse
*Hafi 75% bya Soya yera ku isi igaburirwa amatungo…

Abahanga muri science bamaze imyaka irenga 20 baburira abatuye Isi ko niba batagabanyije umururumba wo gushaka kwikubira no gukoresha ubukungu kamere bw’isi bwose, bizarangira babuze ibyo barya, amazi, ingufu (energy) zo gukoresha n’ibindi ubuzima bugahagarara.

Ibi babishingira ku mibare n’ibindi bimenyetso byerekana ko ubukungu kamere bw’Isi abantu babupfusha ubusa kubera umururumba wabo.

Muri raporo yasohowe n’Ikigo WorldWide Fund for Nature 2016, abahanga berekanye ko ibyo abantu bakora bimeze neza neza nko gutema ishami ry’igiti uryicayeho.

Isi ngo iremanya ubukungu buhagije bwo gutunga ibinyabuzima byose harimo n’abantu.Ubwinshi n’ubudasa bw’ibi binyabuzima nibyo bituma buri kinyabuzima kibona ibyo gikeneye ngo kibeho, cyororoke nacyo kizagirire akamaro ibindi.

Kuba hari ubwoko bumwe cyangwa bwinshi bw’ikinyabuzima bucika ku isi ibi ngo byerekana ko hari igihe n’ubuzima bwazazima ku Isi niba umuntu akomeje kwangiza isi uko abikora ubu.

Imibare yerekana ko ibinyabuzima byagabanyutseho 58% guhera muri 1970 kugeza ubu, kandi ngo mbere ya 2040 bizaba bimaze gucika ku kigero cya 67%.

Science ngo ntibeshya! Muri iki gihe abatuye isi bari kumva neza ingaruka  z’umururumba wabo watumye ikirere gishyuha, amoko y’imbuto runaka agacika, inyamaswa zifite akamaro mu gutuma ibihingwa byera nk’inzuki zikaba ziri mu marembera, amashyamba akaba yaragabanutse, ubutayu bukiyongera, inzara ikabica…ibi byose buri wese uzi ubwenge arabibona.

Umuhanga witwa Marco Lambertini yemeza ko ubu Isi yamaze kwinjira mu gihe cy’ayo abahanga bita Anthropocene.

Iki ni igihe abahanga basobanura ko kihariwe n’umuntu, akaba ariwe uyobora ibibera ku isi kurusha imbaraga kamere zayo.

Guhera muri hagati mu kinyejana cya 20, iterambere mu bantu ryarazamutse cyane. Ibi byatumye abantu bakenera ingufu nyinshi zo gukoresha mu nganda, mu ngo, mu mashuri n’ahandi.

Muri iki gihe ikirere cyarahindutse cyane, amazi y’inyanja arushaho kuba acide kandi ibinyabuzima biyabamo bikomeza kwangirika.

Raporo yerekana uko ibinyabuzima bihagaze muri iki gihe yitwa The Living Planet Index yerekana ko ibinyabuzima bigererewe.

Mu moko 14  152  y’inyamaswa zifite amagufa yabaruwe, agera ku 3 706 abahanga basanze ari kugenda acika ku isi gahoro gahoro.

Guhera muri 1970 kugeza muri 2012 amako y’inyamaswa angana na 58% yamaze gucika.

Amenshi acika kubera ibikorwa by’abantu bakora batitaye ku bidukikije nk’ubuhinzi, ubworozi, uburobyi, ubuvumvu, guhiga n’ibindi.

Inganda nazo zituma umwuka ibinyabuzima bihumeka uhumana bityo amaraso yabyo akagenda atakaza umwimerere.

Abantu nabo bagerwaho n’ingaruka zo kwangirika kw’urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima.

Raporo zitandukanye zerekana ko amazi abantu banywa muri iki gihe yanduye, kandi n’ameza ni make uramutse uyasaranganyije abatuye Isi badasiba kwiyongera.

Uburyo dukoreha ibidukikije nibwo bugena uko abazadukomokaho bazabaho mu bihe biri imbere.

Inyamabere zirisha

Ngo baba bashaka ibiti byo gukoramo amakara, kugurisha hanze, abandi bakaharagira amatungo.

Inyamaswa ziganjemo izirisha ndetse n’iz’amajanja nazo zirugarijwe kubera ba rushimusi.

60 % by’inyamabere zituye ku butaka zungarijwe n’abantu baba bishakira inyungu cyangwa se bishimisha bazica.

Muri 2016 abantu batandukanye ku Isi babajwe n’urupfu rw’intare yishwe n’umuhigi w’Umunyamerika wishimishaga.

Iyo witegereje aho urwego rwo kwica inzovu, isatura n’izindi nyamaswa zirisha rugeze usanga ruteye inkeke.

Urugero rutangwa ni umubare w’inzovu zishwe muri Tanzania mu gace kitwa Selous-Mikumu.

Guhera muri 2009 muri Tanzania hari inzovu 44 806 ariko kugeza muri 2017 hari hasiganye izitarenze 15 217 ni ukuvuga ko hari hamaze kwica izigera kuri 66% ni imibare itangwa n’ikigo Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute.

Ibigunda

Kuba abantu baradukiriye ibigunda bakabisenya kandi ariho hari hasanzwe ari indiri y’udukoko nk’imiswa, intozi n’utundi tugira uruhare mu gutuma ifumbire yinjira mu butaka binyuze mu kubucuka, byatumye hari ahantu henshi hahindutse ku gasi.

Urugero abahanga batanga ni ikigarama cya Cerrado kiri hafi y’ishyamba rya Amazon ndetse no mu nkengero z’inyanja ya Pacifique, muri Amerika y’Amajyepfo.

Iki kibaya ubusanzwe cyaranganaga na 20% y’ubuso bwose bwa Brezil. Mbere cyari gicumbikiye 5% y’amako yose y’inyamaswa zituye ku Isi.

Muri iki kigarama kandi harimo amoko ibihumbi 10 y’inyamaswa kandi hafi kimwe cya kabiri cyazo nta handi ziboneka ku Isi.

Ariko uyu munsi ngo ibikorwa by’abantu biri kwangiza ruriya rusobe rw’ibinyabuzima ku muvuduko uruta uwo bangirizaho ishyamba ry’Amazon ubwaryo.

Ibigunda ni ahantu haba higanje ibyatsi bigufi cyangwa birebire bifata ubutaka mu gihe k’imvura kugira ngo budatembanwa n’isuri.

Ba rutwitsi bagiye bibasira ibigunda mu gihe cy’impeshyi kugira ngo bazabone ubutaka burimo ifumbire mu gihe imvura izaba itangiye kugwa.

Guhera mu 2000 abantu bangije ibigunda biherereye mu gace kanini k’isi bingana na 45.8%.

Ibigunda byo muri Brazil bingana na 40 % byahinduwe imirima yo guhinga kandi ubu buhinzi nabwo bukoresha amafumbire yangiza ubutaka.

Umuhanga witwa Sauer yanditse ko hari amoko menshi y’inyoni zabaga mu bigunda byo muri Amerika ya ruguru yamaze gucika, andi arimuka ajya gushaka aho aba kubera kwangirika kw’ibigunda byahinduwemo imirima.

AMAZI YO KUNYWA

Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko amazi ari mu isi ubusanzwe ahagije kugira ngo ahe ibinyabuzima ubuzima binyuze mu kuyanywa, kuyatekesha, kumesa, gukora isuku n’ibindi.

Ikibabaje ariko ni uko abantu bayahumanyije binyuze mu gusuka imyanda mu Nyanja, ibiyaga, imigezi, n’ibindi bidendezi karemano.

Mu nkengero z’aya mazi haba hari ibishanga bituwe n’amoko menshi y’ibinyabuzima birimo inyoni, amafi, ingona, imvubu, ibinyugunyugu, ibikeri, inzoka, utunyamasyo n’ibindi.

Za Leta zitandukanye ku Isi zahinduye ibishanga ahantu ho guhinga ibihingwa ngandurarugo nk’umuceri, icyayi  n’ibindi.

Nubwo ibi bihingwa biba bifitiye abantu akamaro, haba hagomba kurebwa uburyo ibishanga bitazajya bihingwa ahantu hanini kandi abayobozi bakareba niba mbere yo kwadukira ibishanga nta buryo bwo guhinga imusozi bwaboneka kugira ngo badakomeza kwangiza amazi y’isi.

Ibiba mu mazi.

Burya ngo ibinyabuzima biba mu mazi (inyanja, ibiyaga, inzuzi n’imigezi) biruta ubwinshi ibiba imusozi n’abantu barimo.

Kandi ni mu gihe kuko n’ubusanzwe ubuso bw’isi butwikiriwe n’amazi aribwo bunini kurusha uburiho ubutaka bwumutse. Marine Living Planet Index yerekana ko amazi ku isi yihariye ubuso bwa 70% bw’umubumbe w’isi.

Ibinyabuzima biba mu mazi bigira uruhare runini mu gutuma ubushyuhe n’ubukonje ku isi biringanira kandi bigatuma abantu n’ibinyabuzima muri rusange bibona umwuka mwiza wo guhumeka.

Kuba abantu bakwita ku binyabuzima biri munsi y’inyanja byatuma barushaho kugira ubuzima bwiza bo n’ibyabo imusozi.

Ikindi kiza cy’ibinyabuzima biba mu mazi ni uko bitanga intungamubiri zihariye ku babiriye gusa ikibazo kikaba ari uko ab’imusozi babirya cyane ndetse n’ibitarakura ntibabihe agahenge ngo bikure bibyare byororoke.

Cya cyegeranyo kerekana uko ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi bibayeho kerekana ko byagabanutse ku gipimo cya 36% guhera muri 1970 kugeza muri 2012, bivuze ko buri mwaka hagabanuka ibingana na 1%.

Iyi mibare ikaba yaribanze ku binyabuzima byabaruwe bigera kuri 6,170 biri mu moko 1,353 birimo amafi, inyoni, n’ibikururanda.

UBUTAKA

Kugira ngo ibimera bimere kandi byere neza bisaba ko biba biteye mu butaka bwiza ni ukuvuga ubutaka butagundutse kandi buteye ahantu hari ikirere kemerera ibi bimera kubona imvura yatuma bikura.

Kugeza ubu 30% y’ubutaka bwose bw’isi bwarangiritse mu buryo bumwe cyangwa ubundi. Uku kwangirika kuvuze ko ubutaka bungana kuriya bwatakaje ubushobozi bwo gutanga ibintu nkererwa kugira ngo urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima bibukenera bibashe kubaho neza, byororoke.

1/3 cy’ibibaya n’ibisiza cyarangiritse, 1/4 cy’ubutaka bw’imusozi kirangirika kandi ¼ cy’amashamba yose ku isi kirugarijwe.

Imibare yerekana ko uko kwangirika k’ubutaka bw’isi bihombya isi akayabo ka tiriyari 300$ buri mwaka.

Gukoresha nabi ubutaka, abantu ntibite ku kurwanya isuri, gukoresha amafumbire yangiza ubutaka, guhoza isuka mu murima abantu ntibareka ubutaka ngo burare, kuvangavanga ibihingwa…ibi byose bituma ubutaka butakaza imbaraga, ntibutange umusaruro bwitezweho.

FAO yemeza ko ibi bigaragara cyane muri Africa kurusha ahandi kuko ngo 2/3 by’ubutaka buhingwa byaragundutse, ibi bikaba ari ikibazo ku mugabane w’isi uzwiho kubyara abana benshi, intambara, ibiza kamere n’ibindi bituma abantu bakenera ibiribwa ari benshi kandi mu buryo bwihutirwa.

AMASHYAMBA.

Amashyamba niyo bihaha bituma isi ihumeka neza. Afata umwuka wa carbon akawuyungurura akaduha oxygen yo agasigarana carbon akeneye kugira ngo akure (photosynthesis).

Amashyamba abamo ibiti byera imbuto ziribwa, imizi n’ibishishwa bivamo imiti, ibibabi bigwa hasi bikabora bigatanga ifumbire yitwa humus ifasha mu gutuma ibintu biti n’udukoko bita algues na champignos bikura n’ibindi.

Ibiti bigize amashyamba kandi bivamwo imbaho zo gukorwamo ibikoresho abantu bakenera buri munsi.

Muri rusange burya igiti nta kintu cyacyo kidafite akamaro…guhera ku mizi kugeza ku mababi.

Nubwo impamvu zituma amashyamba yangirika zitandukana bitewe n’agace k’Isi, muri rusange ibikorwa byo gushaka aho abantu bahinga nibyo bitungwa agatoki cyane.

Guhinga soya n’ibihwagari nibyo bituma ubuso bw’amashyamba bugabanuka.

Ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro, gukora no gutunganya ingomero z’amashanyarazi n’ibindi bikorwa remezo nabyo byangiza amashyamba.

Mu gihe gito gishize ubuso bw’amashyamba bungana na miliyoni 239 ha bwarangiritse.

Ugereranyije ubuso bw’amashyamba y’amaterano buri hagati ya 4% na 7% buratakara buri mwaka.

IKIRERE

Ikirere twakigereranya n’umutaka utwikiriye umuntu ukamurinda izuba cyangwa imvura. Ibi bituma ibinyabuzima bibaho neza, bikororoka bityo urusobe rwabyo rugasagamba.

Kubera ibikorwa by’abantu ikirere cyatakaje ubushobozi bwacyo bwo gukumira imirasire mibi iva ku zuba bityo ikagera ku binyabuzima kandi ubushobozi bw’ikirere bwo gutanga imvura n’izuba biringaniye byaraganutse cyane.

Ibi bituma indwara za cancers ziyongera, imvura n’inkuba bikiyongera mu buryo budasanzwe, abantu bagatakaza ubuzima n’ibikorwa remezo bikangirika.

IBIRYO BYIKUBIWE NA BAMWE

Urugero ni Soya. Ese wari uziko hafi 75% bya soya yera ku isi igaburirwa amatungo kugira ngo abyibuhe bazabone inyama.

Aya matungo harimo inkoko, ingurube, ibimasa, amafi n’ibindi. Umunyaburayi umwe arya byibura ibiro 61 bya soya ku mwaka ni ukuvuga soya iriwe mu buryo butandukanye.

Muri Africa ikibazo cy’imirire cyafashe indi ntera kuko usanga imirima minini aho kuyihingamo ibihingwa nka soya, ubunyobwa, imbuto n’imboga, za Leta zihitamo guhinga ibihingwa ngengabukungu nk’ikawa, icyayi, indabo, amagweja, itabi n’ibindi byoherezwa hanze.

Mu myaka yakurikiye ubwigenge mu bihugu by’Africa bimwe mu bihugu byahoze bikoloniza Africa  byashyize igitutu kuri za Leta ngo zihinge biriya bihingwa.

Ibyanditswe hejuru ni impine isobanutse yerekana uko umubumbe w’isi wugarijwe n’ibikorwa bya muntu ku nyungu ze z’igihe gito ariko zizamuteza akaga we n’abe mu myaka myinshi iri imbere.

Kuba abantu barinjiye mu kinyejana cya 21 birabasaba kugira ubwenge buzabafasha kwita ku bidukikije ariko nanone bakabona ibibatunga bihagije kuri buri wese. Mu by’ukuri iri ni ihurizo rikomeye cyane cyane ko muri kamere muntu habamo umururumba wo gushaka kwikubira.

Muri gahunda y’iterambere rirambye mu bukungu bw’Isi yashyizweho n’Umuryango w’abibumbyi bise

UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development iki kibazo cyagarutsweho.

UN yagiriye inama za Leta yo kureba ukuntu zashyiraho politiki mbaturabukungu ziteza imbere ubuhinzi, ubworozi, uburezi no gutanga za serivise hagamijwe gufasha abaturage kubona ibintu byibanze bakeneye ngo batere imbere.

Gahunda yise SDG’s ikomatanyije biriya byose kandi ishishikariza abatuye isi kugabanya umubare w’imbyaro kandi abakobwa bakitabira amashuri kuko aribo babyarira kandi bakarerera ibihugu byabo.

Abatuye isi bagomba kumva ko umururumba wo gushaka guhiganwa mu bukungu hatitawe ku ngaruka bigira ku bidukikije nta nyungu z’igihe  kirekire ugira.

Mu by’ukuri za Kaminuza zigisha abahanga bavamo abanyapolitiki bafata ibyemezo ku buzima b’ibihugu byayo. Ntawavuga ko ubumenyi bwabuze mu bantu ngo bakore ibitangiza ikirere.

Ikibura ni UBUSHAKE. Umunsi abantu bumvise umuburo w’abahanga bakitegereza ingaruka ibikorwa byabo bigira no bidukikije ndetse no kuribo ubwabo, bazabasha kugira icyo bakora batabare uyu mubumbe dutuyeho kandi udufatiye runini.

Jean Pierre NIZEYIMANA
UM– USEKE.RW