Kuki imigabane ya BRALIRWA na Crystal Telecom iri gutakaza agaciro ku isoko?
Isoko ry’imari n’imigabane ni ahantu hashya hataramenywa na benshi mu bihugu biri mu nzira y’iterambere abanyarwanda nabo bashishikarizwa gushorayo imari
Isesengura ry’amakuru atangwa n’isoko ry’imari n’imigabane rigaragaza ko mu myaka ibiri ishize umugabane wa Bralirwa wataye agaciro ku kigero cya 61.5%, mu gihe umugabane wa Crystal Telecom utaramara umwaka wo ugiye ku isoko umaze gutakaza agaciro ku kigero kiri hejuru ya 44%. Imwe mu mpamvu zibitera ni ukuba isoko ry’imari n’imigabane ritaritabirwa cyane n’abanyarwanda.
Ku itariki 23 Gicurasi 2014, Bralirwa yafashe umwanzuro wo gukuba kabiri imigabane yayo “two for one share split”, ni ukuvuga ko umuntu wari ufite imigabane 100 yahise agira imigabane 200.
Ku itariki 30 Gicurasi 2014, umugabane wa Bralirwa waje kugera ku mafaranga 440, uvuye kuri 860 wariho mbere y’uko imigabane ikubwa kabiri. Nubwo igiciro cy’umugabane cyari cyamanutse, abanyamigabane ntacyo bahombye kuko bari bakubiwe kabiri, umugabane umwe wari uhagaze amafaranga 860 ukabyara ibiri y’amafaranga 880.
Abasesenguzi bavuga ko BRALIRWA yabikoze mu buryo bwo gutanga ‘bonus’ kugira ngo imigabane yayo ibe myinshi ku isoko, bitume n’igiciro cy’umugabane wayo kimanuka kuko cyarimo kizamuka cyane.
Icyo gihe, ubuyobozi bw’isoko ry’imari n’imigabane bwabwiye Umuseke ko ibyo Bralirwa yakoze nta kibazo, ahubwo bifitiye inyungu abanyamigabane bayo (Kugwa kw’umugabane wa Bralirwa nta gihombo byateje Abanyamigabane-RSE).
Ubuyobozi bw’Isoko ry’Imari n’imigabane bwabwiye ibinyamakuru binyuranye ko ibyo BRALIRWA yakoze byatumye isoko rirushaho gucuruza kandi nayo igera ku ntego z’ishoramari yifuzaga.
Uko iminsi yagiye ihita umugabane wa BRALIRWA wagiye umanuka cyane. Kuri uyu wa 03 Kamena 2016, isoko ryafunze umugabane wayo ugeze ku mafaranga y’u Rwanda 169, uvuye kuri 440 wariho tariki 30 Gicurasi 2014, uyu mugabane umaze kumanukaho amafaranga 271 angana na 61.5%. Ni hafi amafaranga 136 wacurujweho ku isoko rya mbere mu mwaka wa 2010, Guverinoma ishyira ku isoko 25% yari ifite muri Bralirwa.
Iki kibazo cy’imanuka ry’agaciro k’imigabane kuri bimwe mu bigo biri ku Isoko ry’Imari n’Imigabane ry’u Rwanda ntikiri ku migabane ya BRALIRWA gusa, kuko n’imigabane ya Crystal Tecom itaranamara umwaka kuri iri soko nayo imaze kumanuka cyane.
Nk’uko bigaragara ku rubuga rwa ‘Capital Market Authority’, imigabane ya Crystal Telecom yatangiye gucuruzwa ku Isoko ry’imari n’imigabane tariki 16 Nyakanga 2015, umugabane umwe uri ku mafaranga y’u Rwanda 145.
Kuri uyu wa 03 Kamena 2016, isoko ryafuze umugabane wa Crystal ugeze ku mafaranga 81. Mu gihe kitageze ku mwaka, uyu mugabane umaze kumanukaho amafaranga 64, angana na 44.1%.
Ni iki gitera imanuka ry’imigabane?
Impuguke mu bijyanye n’isoko ry’imari n’imigabane ukorera kuri ‘Wall Street, New York’, rimwe mu masoko y’imigabane akomeye ku Isi, Parfait Mutimura yabwiye Umuseke ko impamvu zishobora gutera kumanuka kw’igiciro cy’imigabane ya BRALIRWA ari uko abantu bashobora kuba batagishaka kugumisha amafaranga yabo mu migane.
Aha yavuze ko bishoboka ko abantu baguze imigabane BRALIRWA ikijya ku isoko bashobora kuba barimo kugurisha.
Ati “Iyo abantu bagurisha ari benshi rero, bituma imigabane iri ku isoko iba myinshi ugereranyije n’abashaka kuyigura, bituma agaciro k’umugabane kagenda kagabanuka.
Ni ibintu byumvikana no ku isoko risanzwe iyo ibicuruzwa ari byinshi abaguzi ari bacye, bituma igiciro cy’ibicuruzwa kimanuka.”
Parfait Mutimura avuga ko gutakaza agaciro k’umugabane w’ikigo runaka kiri ku isoko ry’imari n’imigabane bishobora no guterwa n’imikorere y’ikigo mu gihe kidatera imbere cyangwa gitanga urwunguko ruto ku banyamigabane bikaba byatuma abafite imigabane bahitamo kuyigurisha.
Avuga ko gukuba kabiri imigabane ya BRALIRWA (byari byakozwe) byo ubwabyo nta gihombo kirimo, ariko ngo nayo ishobora kuba yarabaye impamvu ituma abayifitemo imigabane bihutira kugurisha ari benshi.
Mutimura avuga ko uku kumanuka kw’igiciro cy’imigabane ya Bralirwa n’iya Crystal Telecom birimo guteza igihombo gifatika n’ikidafatika abayiguze.
Avuga ko umuntu waguze umugabane wa Bralirwa ku mafaranga 440, ubu ukaba ugeze ku mafaranga 173, uwo muntu atagurishije akaguma kuyitunga gutyo aba arimo kugira igihombo kidafatika kuko imigabane ye aba akiyitunze ariko na none itabyara inyungu (unrealized loss).
Ati “Uwo arahomba ariko kuko imigabane ye akiyifite yose ntabwo aba abona icyo gihombo.”
Ku rundi ruhande, ashatse kugurisha nibwo yabona igihombo gifatika (realized Loss) kuko nk’uwawuguze ku mafaranga 440, akawugurisha ku mafaranga 173 agira igihombo cy’amafaranga 271.
Imanuka ry’umugabane wa Crystal Telecom ryo riterwa n’iki?
Ubwo ubuyobozi bwa Crystal Telecom bwatangiraga kumenyakanisha ko bugiye gushyira ku isoko 20% bufite muri MTN_Rwanda, abantu benshi bitabiriye kugura umugabane bikiri ku isoko rya mbere, byatumye abifuza imigabane Crystal Telecom yari yashyizwe ku isoko bagera ku kigero cya 123%; Aha umugabane wacurujwe ku mafaranga 105.
Parfait Mutimura, avuga ko hari ubwo Kompanyi yamamaza cyane imigabane yayo abantu bakabyitabira ari benshi, ku buryo abayishaka baba benshi cyane kuruta imigabane yari yashyizwe ku isoko.
Akavuga ko ari nayo mpamvu umugabane wa Crystal Telecom wagurishijwe hejuru y’amafaranga 100.
Ati “Ariko nyuma yo kujya ku isoko, imiterere y’isoko igenda igena agaciro ka nyako k’umugabane uko iminsi igenda ishira (Market correction/auto correction).”
Mutimura akavuga kuva agaciro k’umugabane wa Crystal Telecom kari kumanuka kubera ko abari baguzemo imigabane bari kugurisha, kuko wenda batari kubona inyungu bari biteze cyangwa bakeneye kuyashora mu bindi.
T-Bonds nazo zishobora gutesha agaciro imigabane y’ibigo
Kuva Leta yafata umwanzuro wo kujya icuruza buri gihembwe Impapuro z’agaciro mpeshwafaranga z’umwenda wa Leta (Treasury Bonds), abantu n’ibigo by’imari barabyitabira cyane.
Parfait Mutimura avuga ko kuba umuntu aho ava akagera akunda ‘guarantee’, bituma no mu gushora imari mu masoko y’imari, abantu bizera cyane gushora mu Mpapuro z’agaciro za Leta kuko baba bizeye Guverinoma kuruta imigabane ya Kompanyi, kuko Guverinoma itajya ibura amafaranga yo kwishyura imyenda ibereyemo abantu.
Abantu ariko ngo bashobora no gushora mu mpapuro z’agaciro za Leta kuko ari ishoramari ry’igihe kirekire, bityo baka bashobora guteganyiriza amashuri y’abana babo.
Mutimura ati “Muri macye isoko ry’Impapuro z’agaciro za Leta (Treasury Bonds market) igira ingaruka ku isoko ry’imigabane (shares market), iyo Bond market irimo inyungu, umutekano, guarantee,…ba bantu bose bava mu isoko ry’imigabane bakajya mu isoko rya bonds.”
Hakorwa iki ngo imigabane ya biriya bigo ntikomeze kumanuka?
Parfait Mutimura avuga ko kugira ngo agaciro k’iriya migabane ya Bralirwa na Crystal Telecom kongere kuzamuka, biriya bigo byazamura inyungu ku mugabane (dividend) abanyamigabane bahabwa hagendewe ku migabane bafite.
Ati “Icyo gihe abantu benshi bazagaruka kuko bazaba babona ko mu myaka iri imbere igishoro cyabo hari aho kizaba kimaze kugera.”
Mutimura avuga ko ubundi buryo bushoboka ari ubwo kongera kugura imigabane (Shares buy back) myinshi, kugira ngo bagabanye imigabane myinshi iri ku isoko nyamara abaguzi ari bacye. Icyo gihe ngo bituma ku isoko hasigara imigabane ijyanye n’abaguzi bari ku isoko.
Isoko ry’imari n’imigabane mu Rwanda riracyari rishya, kandi riri hacye mu bihugu biri mu nzira y’amajyambere n’abatuye ibi bihugu benshi ngo ntibarasobanukirwa n’ishoramari riri muri iri soko.
Abanyarwanda nabo ngo bagashishikarira kumenya iby’iri soko rishya kuko ari ahantu ho gushora imari hakiri hashya mu bihugu byinshi biri gutera imbere kandi hatanga ikizere kinini mu gihe kiri imbere.
Vénuste KAMANZI
UM– USEKE.RW
English
37 Comments
Umuseke murakoze kutugezaho iyi nkuru,Umunyamakuru wanyu Vénuste Kamanzi yayikoze neza.
Congratulations!!!!
Iyi nkuru Joseph Ngaramabe azayisesengura ejobundi mu kiganiro cyitwa imibereho myiza y’ababaturage.
Joseph Ngarambe wo kuri radio Itahuka se?
Umuseke mugira inkuru zisesenguye rwose. Naboneraho kubaza abasomyi babisobanukiwe impamvu ifaranga ry’u Rwanda rikomeza guta agaciro 1$=790Rwf.
Really???
ubu ni 804 kugura $
Iyi niyo article iba isobanutse. Biragaragara ko umunyamakuru wumuseke azi gushaka amakuru yose ya ngombwa. Ibi byimigabane byo abatabisobanukiwe turi benshi kandi ngo twarabyize SFB ra…Nkuko Rwamurangwa abivuze Umuseke uzatubarize aba ba Parfait Mutimura impamvu FRW riri kugwa nkibere. Murakoze
Ntabwo ari amabere yose agwa byihuse, il faut etre specifique et exact, ni amabere y’umukobwa waraye mu gituza cy’umusore/umugabo….nabwo kandi wabonye ko habanza kugwa ibere ry’ibumoso, yakomeza kwishinga ubushyuhe hagakurikiraho iry’iburyo, ariyo mpamvu ubona aba atareshye nyine. Kari ka precision nagirango nkunganire.
hahahhahahhahhhhhhhhhhh!!!!
Naherutse ikiganiro cyari isoko ry’imigabane sinamenye uko uko cyaje guhindukamo imigwire y’amabere.hahahhahahhhhhhh
Byose se hari aho bitaniye si ukugabana. Ubwo se ntuzi ko ayo mabere ajya kugwa burya hasi byaracitse kera. Iyo mutabyitwayemo neza mugashwana cg nawe akaba ari umutego wa rugondihene (njye nita rugondumugabo) yaguteze, birangira mugabanye umutungo da, nawe akajyana umugabane kandi ntacyo yazanye uretse ayo mantuza (nanze kuyasubiramo) nyine. Ni imigabane n’imigabane byose ni iri n’iri. Ni birefu kabisa.
Fake sana.
Baravuga iby’imigabane none wowe uri mu mabere. Washinze urwawe rubuga se ko twe nk’ibiremba uba utubangamiye mu nkuru zidafite aho zihuriye…
Umuseke muri abahanga rwose nizere ko igihe kireberaho inkuru nzima tuba dukeneye. Naho abashaka ko parfait yavuga ku gaciro k ifaranga kagwa buri munsi, nibaza ko ntaho bihuriye nisoko ry imigabane kubera facteurs nyinshi macro economique zibitera. Keretse niba nabyo yarabyize.
Hari graphe yabaga kuri website ya BNR yerekanaga uko frw ryagiye rihinduka kuva mu myaka ya 1970 (nyuma ku mpamvu tutazi baje kuyivanaho), ariko iyo wayirebaga wabonaga ko ifaranga ry’u Rwanda ryamye ari stable (uretse guhinduka guke guke gusanzwe muri foreign exchange), ariko guhera muri 2008 nibwo hatangiye kugaragara uguta agaciro kwihuse kandi kugaragaza ikinyuranyo cy’ivunja gikabije. Ibyo byarakomeje kugeza n’uyu munsi wa none.
Ukoze impuzandengo ushobora kuvuga ko muri rusange frw ritakazaho 6% byagaciro karyo buri mwaka; usesenguye neza kandi usanga, uyu mubare ujya kungana na taux (reelle) ya inflation y’umwaka, biteye amatsiko kandi kuba uyu mubare ujya kwegera wawundi duhora tubwirwa ngo economie y’igihugu yazamutseho.
Nabze umuntu wansobanurira impamvu economies z’ibihugu zitajya zizamukaho nka 50%.
Oya aho nawe urakabije guta agaciro byo nibyo pe n’utabona araibona iyo ni constant ariko ibya GDP byo reka nkubwire uko bibarwa hakoresha real GDP per Capita ntambwo ari nominal ngerageje kubigusobanurira ni ukuvuga ko ubanza ugashaka base Year ukaba ariyo ubariraho ikigero cy’umusaruro w’igihugu.
Urugero kugirango mbyorohe niba dufashe base year 2009
Turareba: ingano y’umusarururo kuri comodity imwe muri 2009 yenda inga tone 0.1 per citizen z’ibishyimbo turebe uko ibishyimbo byaguraga icyo gihe 100*E3 par Tone uyu munsi rero nabwo niba umusaruro ari tone 0.12 per citizen turi bukube na cya giciro cyo muri 2009 ntabwo dukuba n’icy’uyu munsi tubone kuvuga uko ubukumgu bwiyongereye ku muturage . Plse rwose kubara ubukungu ku muturage nta kwibeshya kwabaho bitewe na inflation kuko ibyo biiba byarateganijwe. Merci
Venuste urakoze ku nkuru zerekana ko uri Umuhanga rwose, uzi icyo abasomyi bashaka kandi uzi Guteza abanyagihugu Imbere mu mitekerereze
Naguze imigabane ya Bralirwa banteye igipindi none nayatayemo byararangiye, Imana ngira ni uko naguze mike, naho iyo ngura myinshi umenya ubu mba ndi ku miti y’umutima.
@Sembagare
Erega muri 2008 nibwo habaye crise economique mondiale biturutse ku kugwa kw’ibiciro by’amazu muri USA. iherako ikwira isi yose.
Akenshi iyo president wa USA ari kurangiza manda ya ye kabiri habaho ihungabana ry’ubukungu bw’isi, ibi byatangiye muri 2000.
FRW rirata agaciro uko bwije uko bukeye? none imigabane nayo yatangiye guta agaciro? ayi ayinyaaa!! RAHIRA KO ECONOMIE ITAGEZE MU MAHINA.Ibibazo umenya byatangiye neza.MBESE ko bavugaga ngo IMF izatanga mafr ,yaba yarayatanze? NTIBYOROSHYE
Ariko rero Bralirwa sinibaza niba ariyo yahombye kuko iyo urebye Ukuntu Heineken yifashe ku isoko ry’imigabane ihagaze neza kereka niba ivomera mu “gitoboye” naho ubundi ntibyumvikana, reka turebe n’izindi nganda zayo mu bihugu duturanye uko zifashe turavanamo igisubizo kuko Bralirwa ntabwo yahomba kereka niba abarokore bariyongereye mu Rwanda.
ARIKO IMIGABANE IGURIRWAHEHE?NGONZIGURIRE IMIGABANE MURI BLARIRWA.
@MUSSAD, niba wifuza kugura imigabane nakurangira muri iriya nzu y’abashinwa T2000 muri etage ya 4. Hari company igurira ikanagurisha imigabane ku isoko ry’imari n’imigabane. Bazagufasha rwose nanjye baramfashije
Njyewe ndakangulira abantu bafite cashi muri banque kuzivunjisha bagashyira mu madolari bakajya basigaza gusa frw yogukoresha bisanzwe.Nk’umuntu wakoze uko akaba yaravunjishize muri 2014 kuri 1dollar yungutse hafi 200Frw mu myaka 2 gusa uwabikoze muri 2010 nyuma y’imyaka 6 yungutse hafi 300frw/Dollar.
Ndacyemanga iriya Crystal telecom kwariyo ihombesha Bralirwa.
…Hakaba n’ubwo uwibwira ko ahabyukanye umugabane aba atahanye igipfunyika kirimo ubusa cg ari ibiceri bitacyemewe kw’isoko mpuzamahanga ry’imigabane nyine! Uzi gushinga ibere umusore wizeye ko uri buhabyukane umutungo akawugupfunyikana umugera wa HEPATITE C cg HIV n’izindi ndwara z’ibyuririzi?! Wagenda mu kijipe kiremereye abakurebeye hanze bati dore uwagiye kw’isoko ry’imigabane naho wowe wiyizi neza ukaba wiyizi ko udatandukanye n’amase(kuko ariyo akomera hejuru imbere urunyo ruca ibintu)!Leta mu bateza ibihombo nayo irimo. Leta yiyemeje guhora igurisha impapuro aha none ntizananirwa kwishyura abo bari kuyimuriraho imari zabo?! Ese kucyi yo itari guhabwa gasopo ngo isigeho gukomeza kwigwizaho amadene yo hanze n’imbere mu gihugu?!
Ririmo guta agaciro kubera ko ntacyo mukora (produce), murimo kugura gusa (consume). Ibi ariko turabisanganywe kuko si ukuvuga ko mbere hari icyo twakoraga, ahubwo mbere economy yari isigasiwe na amadevises menshi yazaga nk’imfashanyo, hamwe na frw yavaga muri Congo (utabyitiranya no gupinga kuko reports nyishi zirabigaragaza ko hari igihe u Rwanda, Burundi na Uganda) byaje mu bihugu byagurishije Gold na Coltan nyinsi ku isi).
Kubera ko dufite imishinga myinshi twatangiye (ingomero z’amashanyarazi, amashyuza, amazi, fibre optique, imihanda, convetion center, one laptop per child,…), ndetse tukaba dufite na Leta nini (huge and expensive government) byatumye guhera mu 2012, kuko aribwo ba rutuku bahagaritse imfashanyo (kubera ibibazo bya politiki twari dutangiye), igihugu cyaratangiye kuguza hirya no hino, imyenda iriyongera…Ubu n’utudevise tubonetse mu gihugu turajya kwishyura iyo myenda.
Hagakubitiraho rero n’uko economy y’imbere mu gihugu, yacunzwe nabi cyane, aho Leta, binyuze muri banks, yemeye ko frw menshi cyane atagira ingano ajya muri construction sector gusa (aha ndavuga Nyarutarama, Gacuriro, Kimironko, Kibagabaga, Gisozi, Rebero, Ruyenzi, Kagarama, Kicukiro…) kandi hakubakwa amazu ahenze cyane tajayanye n’agaciro (financial worth) ka ba nyirayo….ayo frw ntabwo yajyanywe muri productive sector ngo abyare ayandi, nk’uko nawe ubyibinera niba uba hano mu gihugu ubona ko ubukungu bw’igihugu kuri “non-tradable products”. ni ukuvga ngo ibintu dukora nta gaciro nyako biba bifite ku isoko ryo hanze.
Ibi byose rero bitumye frw ari mu gihugu ubu atari backed n’amadevise, arimo guta agaciro, bigasaba ko BNR igurisha Treasury bonds nyinshi kugirango ivane mu bantu frw ahari igerageza kurwana na inflation (uretse ko nabyo bizateza ikindi kibazo mu banks) kandi nanone umusaruro w’ubuhinzi urimo kuba muke cyane bitewe napolitiki y’ubuhinzi mbi itabashije guhangana n’ibibazo biriho cyane cyane n’icy’imihindagurikire y’ibihe.
Ibi mvuze ni bimwe mu birimo gutuma iri frw ririmo guta agaciro byihuse, uretse ko hari n’izindi facators zijyanye n’uko economy y’isi yifashe ubu, nko kugwa kw’igiciro cy’ibikomoka kuri petrol, China itangiye guhindura economic model yayo ngo ijye mu cyiciro cya 3,…Ikindi umuntu atakwirengagiza, ni uko U Rwanda ruri mu bihugu by’Afrika aho amadevises asohoka mu gihugu ari menshi (capital flight) bitewe n’abanyarwanda bajya kuyabitsa mu mahanga, kimwe na companies zisubizayo urwunguko rwazo kuko Leta yanze gushyiraho itegeko ribigenzura.
Nk’uko Min. Gatete Claver, yabivuze vuba aha, ko Leta y’ u Rwanda yitabaje IMF ngo iyigoboke, abakora analysis bavuga ko iyi situation izakomeza gutya kugera nibura mu myaka 10 iri imbere, cyane cyane iyo urebye ikorosi rya politiki u Rwanda rurimo (bisaba ko turikata neza nta pneus n’imwe itobotse) n’uburyo inkingi za economy zubatse nabi cyane.
shetsa ndakwemeye ushobora kuba warize economy cyane
Iryo korosi twatangiye kurikata nabi duhindura itegekonshinga kuko uziko amasoko yimari akurikira cyane ibintu nkibyo.
Urakoze cyane Shetsa,igitekerezo cyawe kidufashije kumva situation uko iteye neza. Ikigaragara nuko FRW iri gutakaza agaciro audepend du USD. A hanini ariko bina jyanye no gutakaza agaciro kw’amabuye y’agaciro ku isoko mpuza mahanga.
ariko ibi bibazo byose tubiterwa nuko abanyarwanda besnhi bajya kubitsa hanze amafr.KUKI BAJYA KUYABITSA HANZE? NIKI BIKANGA? KO DUFITE AMAHORO BABUZWA NIKI KUYABYAZA UMUSARURO MU GIHUGU ,BAgashakira abandi imirimo?
Iyi nkuru ikoze neza kbs, ninki zi nkuru ziba zikenewe,usoma ukagira icyo ukuramo gisobanutse!
@Shetsa comprehensive analysis
ndababaye niba ibyo kuvuga aribyo gusa ibirayi n’umuceri numva madam avuga ngo byaruriye cyane bisigaye birya abari mu cyiciro cya 4kandi byari ibya rubanda rugufi
wa mugani ibyo birayi ko byuriye habaye iki?Ibirayi kandi bisigaye bifite impumuro n’isura mbi. Ibyinshi bisarurwa bitarera kandi bigafumbizwa amafumbire mvaruganda atakorewe ubushakashatsi! icyo ibi birayi bizazabira abanyarwanda muri viziyo 2050 tuzagifatisha amaboko yombi…!Ese nabyo bibamo impapuro mpeshwamwenda cg byarinjijwe mw’isoko ry’imari n’imigabane ko mbona byo igiciro cyaratumbagiye?!
ibi byose biraterwa no kutagira DEMOCRACY mu RWANDA. Investors ntibashaka kuza mu RWANDA kubera ko nta democracy
Sinzi niba investors bita kuri democracy igihe bakora investment decisions. Nibwira ko icyo bareba ari igipimo ki ikizere baha ubutegetsi mu kurinda imishinga yabo ndetse n’inyungu bashobora kubona bikajyana ndetse n’ubushobozi bwo kugura service. Uretse ko byagora kwemeza ko u Rwanda nta democracy rufite, kukijyanye no kureshya abashoramari ruza ku isonga…
Ikindi twakwibaza niba igabanuka ry’gaciro ku umugabane wa Bralirwa cg se wa CTL hari ingaruka zifatika bigira mu mikorere y’ibyo bigo. Hanyuma tukabona kwibaza niba ibyo bigo bifite inyungu mu guharanira izamuka ry’agaciro k’imigabane yabyo.
Comments are closed.