Ariko ubundi umuco nyarwanda ni iki?

Hashize igihe kitari gito nsoma cyangwa se nkumva inkuru zivuga ku muco nyarwanda, ngasanga inyinshi zigarukira ku myambarire n’imbyino bya kinyarwanda. Hanyuma bikantera kwibaza niba hagati y’umuco nyarwanda n’imyambarire cyangwa imbyino za kinyarwanda twashyiramo ikimenyetso cya bihwanye.

Bikunze no kugaragara cyane mu bukwe, aho bavuga ko basaba bya kinyarwanda, yenda ugasanga ibyo bise ibya kinyarwanda ni uburyo bambaye cyangwa uko bakoze imitako bikaba byatuma umwana ubyiruka ayobywa n’ibyo dukunze kuvuga no kwiberamo, aho wamubaza umuco nyarwanda icyo ari icyo, ntabimenye ariko akakubwira ko wigaragariza mu myambarire no mu mbyino akumva arabirangije. Hanyuma se umuco nyarwanda ubaye uwo, kandi tukavuga ko ibihugu byakomeye ku muco wabyo wabifashije gutera imbere bitavangiwe, twebwe se twazazamurwa n’imbyino cyangwa imyambarire gusa?

Ariko ubundi umuco ni iki? Utandukaniye he n’imigirire isanzwe (moeurs/customs or lifestyle)?

Muri filozofiya, umuco bawusobanura nk’imigirire cyangwa ikintu cyose umuntu agaragaza kitari karemano, ni ukuvuga icyo yahawe n’abamubyaye, abavandimwe cyangwa n’umuryango mugari yakuriyemo ari wo twita sosiyete. Abahanga mu bumenyi bw’imibanire y’abantu (sociologists/ sociologues) basobanura umuco nk’ikintu cyose gihuza umuryango runaka kandi kigatuma uguma hamwe ukomeye, mbese ni nk’umurunga utanaze umuryango ukawufasha kudashwanyuka no kudatatana.

Ishami ry’umuryango w’abibumbye ryita ku bumenyi, uburezi n’umuco, UNESCO, risobanura umuco nk’uruhurirane rw’imyemerere, ibikoresho, ubuhanga n’amavamutima, uburyo bwo kubaho n’uburenganzira itsinda ry’abantu cyangwa umuryango runaka uba wihariye; aha ariko hakiyongeraho ikintu gikomeye cy’indangagaciro n’uruhererekane rw’imigenzo uwo muryango wabayemo. Uru rusobe rw’inkingi zigize umuco rugenda ruhindura isura bitewe n’igihe cyangwa se uko umuryango ruranga ugenda ugirana umubano n’iyindi miryango, urwo rwunge kandi rukigaragariza mu buryo bwo kubaho, gutekereza, gukora ndetse no gushyikirana no gusabana n’abandi.

Hari umuhanga w’umudage witwa Geert Hofstede wavuze ko umuco ari uburyo bw’imyumvire n’imitekerereze rusange, kandi ihuriweho, umuryango runaka uba ufite; ibi bigasobanura ko iyo abantu bafite umuco umwe ntawe uba areba ku ruhande cyane cyane mu bijyanye n’icyerekezo uwo muryango uba warihaye ngo ukomeze kubaho. Muri rusange, icyo abahanga n’abakurambere bacu bose bahurizaho, ni uko umuco ari urwunge rw’ingingo enye zikomeye mu mibereho ya muntu cyangwa y’umuryango, izo ngingo nyabuzima zikagenda zihererekanywa uko ibisekuruza by’abantu bisimburana kandi akenshi bidasabye kwicara ngo base n’abakora ihererekanyabubasha tuzi; izo ngingo ni izi:

• indangagaciro (values/valeurs: ibyubahwa kandi bishimwa mu muryango, ibituma umuntu aba imfura),
• ibiziririzwa n’ibikurikizwa (norms /normes: ni ibigenderwaho mu mibereho isanzwe ndetse na za nyirantarengwa mu rwego rwo kugira umuryango utaryana kandi usabana),
• inzego z’imiyoborere n’imibereho (institutions: inzego zishinzwe gufasha umuryango kuguma mu murongo wubaha za ndangagaciro n’imiziririzo cyangwa imigenzo, bitari mu miyoborere gusa ahubwo no mu mibereho isanzwe nko kuyoboka imana, ubuvuzi, inzego z’ubukungu n’izindi) hakaba n’urundi rugingo twakwita
• ibishashi (artefacts /artifacts: ibikoresho cyangwa uburyo za ndangagaciro na za kirazira zigaragarizamo).

Dushingiye kuri izi ngingo zihurirwaho na benshi, ndetse niba atari bose, ku Isi, twakwibaza tuti:

«Noneho se umuco nyarwanda ni iki? »

Umuco nyarwanda nawo ni urwunge rw’ingingo nyabuzima enye (indangagaciro; kirazira n’imigenzo; inzego z’imiyoborere, imibereho n’imibanire ndetse n’ibishashi by’umuco nyarwanda). Akenshi rero abantu benshi bavuga umuco nyarwanda bagarukira ku bishashi byawo, mbese nk’uko umworomo w’inkuba ari wo duha izina ry’inkuba cyangwa se wagera ku nyubako ikorerwamo n’ubuyobozi bw’umurenge ugahita uvuga ko iyo nyubako ari umurenge.

Iyo abantu bavuze ko kwambara ukikwiza ku munyarwandakazi ari umuco nyarwanda, ukwikwiza ubwabyo ni igishashi kigaragaza indangagaciro yo kwiyubaha, ntutume abandi bakwibazaho kandi iyo ndagagaciro si aho honyine igaragarira kuko iyo umunyarwanda avuze ko atagenda arya mu nzira nabyo biba bigana aho.

Mu Rwanda haba cyera ndetse n’ubu, inka yari kandi iracyari ikintu kirenze kuba ari ubukungu n’ubwo bitayambura no kuba ubukungu; ahubwo yari umurunga washoboraga gushyira isano hagati y’abantu batari bafite isano y’amaraso basangiye; ikaba rero yaragaragazaga ubukungu ariko ikaba n’urwego ruhuza abantu kuko uwagabirwaga yagiranaga isano ikomeye na shebuja (bikerekana indangagaciro yo kuzamurana no gufatanya) kandi ntawe utazi ko yari inkwano ituma imiryango ibiri ishyingirana kandi ubusanzwe nta sano y’amaraso yagiranaga (ikaba itunganije neza umugenzo mwiza wo gutanga inkwano no gusaba umugeni kandi umuryango usabwe umugeni kikaba ikimenyetso cyo kubahwa); inka rero ikaba yaragaragaraga nk’igishashi kigaragaza umubano n’indagagaciro y’ubwubahane ndetse ikaba n’urwego rw’ubukungu ndetse n’ibindi.

Kubyina bya kinyarwanda nabyo rero biza nk’ibishashi bigaragaza ibyo abanyarwanda bemera, ndetse uburyo bwo gutega amaboko, abenshi bavuga ko kwari ukurata inka nk’urwego rwari rufite agaciro gakomeye mu Rwanda.

Niyo mpamvu rero iyo tuvuga umuco nyarwanda tudakwiye kugarukira ku mbyino ngo twibagirwe kubwira abana bacu ko kwiyubaha, kubaha abandi, gutabarana, kubaha ubuzima, kudahemuka, gukunda igihugu, kutakigambanira no kukitangira ndetse n’ibindi ari indangagaciro z’umuco wacu kandi zikaba zidahagarikwa n’ibihe n’ibisekuru (values trans centuries / valeurs trans siècles), izi ndagagaciro zarangaga abantu b’imfura.

Ukwigaragaza kwazo ntigusaba ibihambaye kuko no kwitangira igihugu bitavuga gusa igihe cyatewe kiri mu ntambara kuko uramutse utanga umusoro, witangira kazi kawe, ucunga umutekano, wita ku baturage neza mu nzego zitandukanye , uba ugaragaza iyo ndangagaciro. Ntibinakuraho kandi ko uko tugenda duhura n’imico y’ahandi dushobora kugira izindi ndangagaciro zitunganye twakira mu muco wacu ariko ntizize gusimbura izo dusanganywe, n’ubwo izo twabona zose usanga zifite izacu ziba zizirusha kumvikana neza.

N’ubwo hagenda haza iterambere kandi koko bikaba bikwiye, ntabwo imigenzo yacu ari iyo kujugunya; imigenzo n’imiziririzo mu muryango wose ihinduka amategeko kandi hakabaho n’ibihano k’uyirenzeho. Iyi mizirirzo n’imigenzo yatumaga mu muryango nyarwanda habamo umurongo ngenderwaho na aho buri wese atarenga.

Urugero ni uko nta musore n’inkumi bari kubana umukobwa atarasabwe, aho byabaga kandi nabyo bishobora kuba ari ibya vuba cyane, ababyeyi b’umuhungu bazindukaga bajya kwirega iwabo w’umukobwa; ubundi kwirega bivuga kwishinja icyaha ukacyemera. Cyaraziraga ko umuntu muto yubahuka umuruta, cyaraziraga ko umuntu mukuru anyura ku mwana akosa ntamukebure, cyaraziraga ko umugabo yubahuka umugore w’abandi none ubu n’ibisekeramwanzi bikorerwa ibya mfura mbi kandi ayo yari amahano, umunyarwanda ntiyasamiraga ibyo abonye byose no ubu dusamira hejuru ikije cyose gipfa kuba cyazanywe n’abifite.

Nituvuga rero umuco nyarwanda tujye twibutsa n’ibyo byose ntibagarukire gusa ku mbyino no ku mishanana kuko ubwabyo ari ibishashi.

Mu muco wacu kandi twagiraga inzego zaba ari izishinzwe kuyobora umuryango nyarwanda mugari, ndetse hakabaho abakuru b’umuryango muto kugera ku mutware w’inzu kandi abayoboye bakajya inama ndetse n’abayobowe bakubaha umutware wabo.Habagaho inzego zishinzwe kumenya iby’ubworozi n’ubuhinzi ndetse hakabaho n’urwego rushinzwe kwagura igihugu (aho izo nshingano ubu zifitwe n’ingabo zirinda ubusugire naho ububanyi n’amahanga bukagurira u Rwanda mu yandi mahanga); izo nzego zaruzuzanyaga kandi rumwe rwose ntirwivange mubyo rudashinzwe.

Uru rugingo mu Rwanda rwarazambye cyane guhera ubwo abanyaburayi barwinjiragamo: twatojwe kubahuka buri wese tutitaye kubyo ashinzwe gusa igitangaje ni uko twatojwe kubaha cyane abatuyobora mu idini, abayobozi nabo batozwa kuba ari bo bagira ijambo rya nyuma batitaye ku kuba hari abandi bashobora gutekereza neza, twagize kenshi abayobozi bakeka ko bayobora byose kugeza no ku ifuku iri munsi y’ubutaka bw’aho bayobora, abayoborwa twatojwe ko gusenya ibyubatswe bivunanye ari uburyo bwiza bwo kugaragariza abatuyobora ko tutabashaka, umuntu ashingwa ubuhinzi mu rwego uru n’uru akumva n’umuporisi cyangwa umuganga wo muri iyo fasi agomba kumuha amabwiriza, mbese twese ntawe ukiri mu mwanya we.

Twagiraga uburyo dukemura amakimbirane maze uwafuditse agacibwa ikiru kandi akagaruka mu murongo, twagiraga uburyo twita ku munyantege nke akaremerwa maze na we akazamuka, twagiraga uburyo umwana aba uw’umuryango mugari ntihagire umwana ukura ari nyamwigendaho, ntawarwaraga ubworo aturanye n’abatunzi none ubu urataka uturanye n’abantu ukabura n’ukubwira ngo mpore. Nituvuga umuco nyarwanda rero tujye twakira ibyiza twakuye mu mico y’ahandi ariko ibyo twari dusanganywe mu muco wacu ntitubijugunye nk’aho byose ari amacuho.

Hanyuma se kandi uyu muco twawushingiraho dute ngo uduteze imbere tutavangiwe?

Gusubiza iki kibazo byo biragoye kuko umuco nyarwanda wamaze kuvangirwa ku buryo hari igihe njya nibaza ikitwa icyacu dusigaranye kukibona bikangora. Twaravangiwe cyane kugera aho umuntu yigishwa ko kwica undi ari demokarasi; kugera aho nyirasenge w’umuntu amutwara umutungo kandi yaramusigaranye ari imfubyi, kugera aho umwana yivugana uwamwibarutse, kugera aho umukuru w’umuryango yikubira iby’umuryango byose, kugera aho nta kizira aho nta n’icyubahwa mbese kugera aho n’ubuyobozi butoza abo buyoboye kurimbura imbaga, mbese twarapfuye turazuka. Nyamara ariko umuco nyarwanda ntiwarimbutse uracyafite ibishyitsi kandi byitaweho byashibuka.

None se turamutse twongeye kubaka ubudahemuka, muri ibi bihe turimo tukaba umuryango wizewe, ugira ngo abo bashoramari bakwitesha umuryango nk’uwo utarangwa n’ubucabiranya no kuvuga indimi ebyiri!

Turamutse twese dukunda igihugu cyacu bitari ku rurimi, aho turi hose tugahora dushaka icyagiteza imbere, ibitagenda tukabicocera iwacu mu gikari ntitwihe rubanda kandi ibinenzwe tukemeranya kubikosora ariko n’ibishyigikiwe buri wese akabirwanirira, ugira ngo hari ihanga ryaduhangara kandi ko buri wese yajya yifuza kugana iwacu! Twigaruyemo umuco w’ubudahemuka aho umuntu yubaha ibya rubanda, kunyereza no kurya ruswa bikaba umugani, kurenganya no kuba ntibindeba bikimwa intebe, ugira ngo se hari umunyemari utakwifuza kuyibika mu gihugu cyacu aho yizeye ubwisanzure bwubahiriza amategeko kandi ntavogerwe n’uwo ari we wese!

None se ugira ngo gusaba no gukwa biretse kuba kwishyuza ibyatanzwe turera umukobwa, bikagaruka ku kimenyetso cy’ubwubahane no gushimirwa kurera neza, ya makimbirane mu muryango ntiyakwimukira imishinga y’iterambere, abana bakabona uburere bwiza ejo igihugu kikazaba gifite abakozi beza!

Nitwicara tuzi ko nta rindi hanga riruta u Rwanda, ugira ngo ntituzakora ibishoboka byose n’aho tugiye guhaha tukajya twibuka ku ivuko! Nidushyiraho uburyo bwo kuzamurana, buri wese ntabe nyamwigendaho, aho nta mutindi uzaba utarangwamo n’ubwo twaba tutareshya mu bukungu, ugira ngo hari umucuruzi wakwitesha kujya gushora imari aho yizeye ko abaturage baho bafite ubushobozi bwo kumugurira!

Ushobora kubona byinshi umuco wacu wadufasha kandi bikatugira igihugu gikomeye mu bukungu. Ibi ntibavanaho ko twagira ibyo dukura ahandi nko gukunda gusoma ndetse no kwandika, nko kwizigamira n’ubwo n’ubundi buriya guhunika imyaka mu bigega ari cyo byavugaga, n’ibindi.

Igihe tuzubaha abatuyobora ariko nabo bakadukundira, tukigira hamwe icyo dushaka kandi tukemeranywa icyo buri wese agomba gukora kandi akabyubahiriza, uzarebe ko ubu bukungu bwirirwa butuvuruguta mu mukungugu tutazabuzamukana inkungugu maze tukicara n’ibihugu by’ibigugu mu bukungu.

Inyandiko ya Alexis NIZEYIMANA