Menya uko kubaka imiturirwa byaje. Mu Rwanda naho isigaye ihari myinshi

Mu Kinyejana cya 19 ubwo i Chicago hadukaga inkongi y’umuriro ikangiza byinshi, nyuma abahanga mu kubaka bafashe umwanzuro wo kubaka inzu zigerekeranyije zirimo ibyuma bikomeye.

Kuba abantu bubaka inzu zigerekeranye si ibya vuba aha ahubwo bwatangiye kera cyane Yesu ataraza no ku Isi.

Guhera mu gihe cy’umunara w’i Babeli uvugwa muri Bibiliya kugeza muri iki gihe, ibihugu byose ubisangamo inzu ndende zigerekeranyije.

Bamwe bavuga ko kubaka inzu ndende biterwa n’uko ibihugu biba bishaka kwerekana imico yabyo, ubukungu cyangwa ko ari ibihangange.

Amateka yerekana ko abatware aribo bakundaga kubaka inzu ndende zihariye. Insengero zarimo na za Kiliziya, na zo hari hamwe hubakwaga inzu ndende.

Urugero ruzwi cyane ni  inzu yubatswe n’abami ba  Misiri yitwa Pyramide de Giza  yubatswe kugira ngo izashyingurwemo umwami w’Abami Pharaoh Khufu iyi nzu ikaba ifite metero 145 z’ubuhagarike.

Iyi nzu yamaze imyaka igera ku bihumbi bine (4000) iriyo ndende kurusha izindi ku Isi, nyuma ariko yaje gusimburwa n’indi nzu ya Katedalari yitiriwe  Lincoln mu Kinyejana cya 14.

Nyuma haje kubakwa izindi nzu ndende cyane nk’iyitwa Potala Palace ibamo umuyobozi mu idini, witwa Dalai Lama.

Nubwo muri kiriya gihe ziriya nzu zafatwaga nk’ibitangaza kubera uburebure bwazo, mu Kinyejana cya 20 n’icya 21 hubatswe izindi nzu ndende kurushaho.

Muri iki gihe inzu ya mbere ndende ni iyitwa Burj Khalifa ifite metero 828 z’ubuhagarike ikaba iri Dubai.

Muri Arabie Saoudite hari kubakwa inzu izaba ari ndende kurusha izindi yiswe the Kingdom Tower izaba ifite metero 1 600 z’ubujyejuru ikazaba yaruzuye muri 2020.

Abanyamateka bemeza ko abantu ba mbere batangije kubaka inzu zigeretse (Etage) babaga muri Chicago na New York muri USA mu myaka ya za 1880.

Muri kiriya gihe hahise hatangizwa n’ibigo by’ubwishingizi  bw’inyubako ndende.

Igitekerezo cyo kubaka inzu zigerekeranyije cyaje nyuma y’inkongi y’umuriro yibasiye umujyi wa Chicago muri 1871 inzu ya mbere ndende yubatswe muri Chicago yubatswe na  William Le Baron Jenney  hakaba hari muri 1884 ikaba yari igorofa igeretse inshuro 12.

Mu bwenge bwabo, abantu basanze kubaka bajya hejuru aribyo byagabanya ibyago byo kwibasirwa n’inkongi z’umuriro.

Mu kubaka izi nzu hakoreshwejwe ibyuma bikomeye kugira nga umuriro utazabasha kuyayogoza mu gihe waba uteye muri zimwe mu nzu zigize uwo muturirwa.

Inzu ndende akenshi zabaga zirimo ibiro ariko zidatuwemo kandi zabaga ari ahantu hiherereye, umuntu akava iwe akajya gukorera kure y’iwe kugira ngo bigaragare ko hari igihe cyo gukora no gutaha ukajya iwawe ukaruhuka.

Uko imijyi yegendaga itera imbere bitewe n’uko ubuzima bw’abayituye buhinduka, byatumye abantu batekereza uko bakubaka inzu zigerekeranye kurushaho.

Kubaka inzu ndende byakurikiwe no kwaduka kw’imodoka zari ziturutse mu Burayi kuko ariho imodoka za mbere zatangiriye mu cyiswe Industrial Revolution yo mu Kinyejana cya 18.

USA yakomeje kubaka inzu zigerekeranyije mu mijyi yayo ariko no mu Bufaransa, u Bwongereza naho bene izo nzu zari zatangiye kuzamurwa.

Muri 1893 muri Chicago hari inzu igeretseho inshuro 40 ariko umujyi wa New York niwo ubamo inzu ndende kurusha ahandi muri USA.

Guhera muri 1915 muri USA bakomeje kubaka inzu ndende mu gihe mu Burayi bo bari mu Ntambara ya Mbere y’Isi.

Uyu muvuduko warakomeje kugeza ubwo USA yajyaga mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y’Isi  gufasha inshuti zayo guhirika ubutegetsi bwa Adolph Hitler. Mbere gato y’iyi ntambara, mu Burayi hari inzara ikomeye bituma USA ibaguriza amafaranga yo kwiyubaka  mu cyo bise ‘Plan Marshall’.

Ibi byose byatumye umuvuduko mu kubaka imiturirwa ugabanuka kuko hari ibindi byasabaga amafaranga menshi kandi byihutirwaga.

Mu myaka ya 1950 umuvuduko mu kubaka warongeye urazamuka kubera ko USA yari imaze  kongera kwiyegeranya mu mutungo. Icyo gihe inzu yubukwaga yabaga arimo ibyuma bikonjesha n’ibizimya inkongi (kizimyamwoto).

Uko bigaragara kubaka inzu zigerekeranyije ni umuti mwiza ku kibazo cy’inkongi ariko byatumye imitingito ihitana imbaga.

Abenshi bazi abantu imitingito ihitana mu gihugu cy’u Buyapani hamwe mu hantu hibasirwa n’imitingito kubera agace icyo gihugu giherereyemo ‘ceinture de feu’ kabamo imitingito no kuruka kw’ibirunga kurusha ahandi ku Isi.

Mu Rwanda amateka avuga ko kubaka inzu zigerekeranyije byatangiye mu myaka ya 1970, icyo gihe inzu zubakwaga n’abacuruzi, abanyamadini na Leta. Hari amateka avuga ko igorofa ya mbere yubatswe mu Rwanda ari iyitwa Kigoma iri mu Rwunge rw’Amashuri rwa Leta i Butare ubu ni mu Indatwa n’Inkesha (GSOB).

Kugeza ubu inzu ndende mu Rwanda ni City Tower ifite inzu 13 zigerekereranyije ariko kubera iterambere u Rwanda ruriho birashoboka ko mu gihe kiri imbere hazubakwa izirushijeho kuba ndende.

Jean Pierre NIZEYIMANA
UM– USEKE.RW