Hagiye gushira imyaka 60 Albert Einstein atabarutse. Menya uwo yari we

Uyu mugabo ufatwa nk’umwe mu bahanga mu mibare no mu bugenge babayeho bakomeye kurusha abandi ku isi, yavukiye mu Budage mu mujyi wa Ulm mu muryango w’Abayahudi, mu ntara ya Württemberg ku italiki ya 14, Werurwe 1879. Yitabye Imana muri 1955. Kuri uyu wa Gatandatu hazaba hashize imyaka 60 atabarutse.

Mu byumweru bitandatu nyuma y’ivuka rye, iwabo bimukiye i Munich ari naho yatangiriye kwiga mu cyitwaga Luitpold Gymnasium.

Imyaka myinshi nyuma y’aho iwabo bimukiye mu Butaliyani. Einstein yagiye gukomereza amashuri ye ahitwaga Aarau mu Busuwisi nyuma muri 1896 atangira gutozwa kwigisha imibare n’ubugenge mu ishuri ryitwaga Swiss Federal Polytechnic School i Zurich.

Muri 1901 yabonye impamyabumenyi kandi ahabwa ubwenegihugu bw’Ubusuwisi.

Kubera ko yari akiri umunyeshuri ntiyemerewe kwigisha nka mwarimu uhoraho, ariko yahawe inshingano zo kwita ku bikoresho by’Ishuri.

Ntibyatinze muri 1905, abona impamyabumenyi y’ikirenga mu mibare n’ubugenge(PhD)

Ubwo yakoraga muri ibyo biro, mu gihe cyo kuruhuka yandikaga ibitabo ku bugenge biza gutuma mu 1908 agirwa umuturage w’icyubahiro mu Busuwisi (Privatdozent) mu mihango yabereye i Berne.

Umwaka wakurikiyeho Albert Einstein yagizwe umwarimu w’ikirenga w’ubugenge( Professor Extraordinary) mu mihango yabereye i Zurich.

Muri 1911 Einstein yabaye umwarimu w’ubugenge muri Kaminuza ya Prague muri Czech Republic. Undi mwaka wakurikiyeho yagarutse i Zurich kwigisha ubugenge.

Muri 1914, yoherejwe kuyobora ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi mu bugenge n’imibare kitwaga Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute mu Budage yigisha no muri Kaminuza ya Berlin.

Muri 1933, Albert Einstein yahawe ubwenegihugu by’Ubudage ariko arabwanga kuko yabonaga benewabo b’Abayahudi batotezwa n’ubutegetsi b’Abanazi ahitamo guhunga ajya muri USA.

Agezeyo yigishije muri Kaminuza ya Princeton nyuma muri 1940 aza guhabwa ubwenegihugu.
Imyaka itanu nyuma y’aho(1945) yaje kujya mu kiruhuko cy’izabukuru.

Nyuma y’intambara ya kabiri y’Isi, Albert Einstein yari umwe mu bantu bakomeye bagize uruhare mu gushyiraho no kwita kuri Leta ya Israel(1948) afatanyije na Ben Gourion na Mme Golda Meir.

Nyuma gato Einstein na Dr Chaim Weizmann bashyizeho Kaminuza y’igihugu ya Israel yitwa The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Umurimo w’ubuhanga wa Einstein mu bugenge.
Kuva akiri umwana, Einstein yagaragaweho kuba umuntu ureba akamenya ibibazo by’ubugenge kandi akiyemeza kubisobanura no kubishakira umuti.

Yabashaga gukora igishushanyo mbenera cy’uko ikibazo giteye kandi akagikemura mu nzira zitandukanye.

Ibyo yageragaho uyu munsi yabonaga ko ari intangiriro yo kugera ku bindi ejo.

Umurimo we w’ubushakashatsi mu bugenge, watangiranye no kujora inyandiko za Isaac Newton (1643-1727 CE) zavugaga ibijyanye n’uko ibintu biyega( kuyega ni nko kugenda, mouvement), akavuga ko biterwa n’igituma bigenda, nka rukuruzi y’isi( la force de pesanteur).

Einstein we yemeje ko kugira ngo umuntu asobanure ko ibintu biyega bitewe n’imbaraga za pesanteur gusa yaba yibeshya kuko icyo gihe byagorana gusobanura igituma urumuri rugenda(cyane cyane urumuri rw’izuba).

Kugira ngo Einstein asobanure igituma urumuri rw’izuba rugenda byamusabye kubanza kumenya ibyo urumuri rukozemo bityo yandika ikiswe ‘theory of relativity’.

Amaze kubona ko urumuri rukozwe n’utuvungukira twinshi (photons) yageze ku mwanzuro w’uko kugera ngo utu tuvungukira tugende, bisaba ko buri kamwe gakurura akandi bityo bityo …kugeza urumuri rugeze ku Isi cyangwa ahandi.

Abahanga mu by’inyenyeri bazi ko mu nda y’inyenyeri zose, ariko cyane cyane izuba, habamo indiri ikora imirasire ikayirekurana imbaraga ariko kugira ngo iyo mirasire ibashe kugera aho ijya bikayisaba gukururana (uretse ko idakorana n’urumuri gusa).

Urumuri rw’izuba rugera ku isi mu minota umunani kandi hagati y’Isi n’izuba harimo intera ireshya na kilometero miliyoni 150.

Ubwo yari muri Kaminuza ya Berlin, Einstein yasobanuye neza ibyo abazi ubugenge bita ‘special theory of relativity’ , ‘theory of gravitation’ na ‘theory of radiation and statistical mechanics’.

Muri 1920 Einstein yakoze akazi gakomeye ko guhuza ziriya theories zose hamwe kandi akazisobanura(unified field theories) ariko bimubana akazi kenshi kuko yanigishaga kandi ahanganye n’Abanazi bahigaga Abayahudi benewabo.

Nyuma yo kwimukira muri USA , yakomerejeyo ubushakashatsi bwe. Uyu muhanga yanditse ibitabo haba mu bugenge mu mibare ndetse no mu mibanire y’abantu.

Bimwe mubyo yanditse ku bugenge:

Special Theory of Relativity (1905),

Relativity (English translations, 1920 and 1950),

General Theory of Relativity (1916),

Investigations on Theory of Brownian Movement (1926),

The Evolution of Physics (1938).

Ibyo yanditse ku buzima busanzwe:

About Zionism (1930),

Why War? (1933),

My Philosophy (1934),

Out of My Later Years (1950)

Mu 1935, President Franklin Roosevelt wa USA yamuhaye umudali w’ishimwe witwa The Franklin Medal.

Yakundaga kwigunga ndetse no gucuranga icyuma cya muzika bita violon.

Yashakanye na Mileva Maric mu 1903 babyarana abana batatu: umukobwa umwe n’abahungu babiri.

Muri 1919 baje gutandukana, Einstein arongora mubyara we Elsa Löwenthal, waje kwitaba Imana muri 1936.

Albert Einsein yitabye Imana ku italiki ya 18 Mata 1955 i Princeton muri Leta ya New Jersey.

Formule ye izwi cyane ni iyi E = mc2. E ivuga energy(ingufu) M ivuga masse (ubunini, umubyimba) naho C2 bivuga umuvuduko w’urumuri wikubye kabiri ubwawo.

Iyi formule ivuze ko ingufu z’ikintu runaka, zingana n’umubyimba wacyo ukubye umuvuduko w’urumuri nawo wikubye kabiri.

Hari abavuga ko iyi formule ariyo abahanga bifashishije bakora bombe atomique USA yarashe mu mijyi wa Hiroshima na Nagasaki muri Kanama 1945 ikarangiza intambara ya kabiri y’Isi.

Hari abantu bavuga ko Albert Einstein atemeraga Imana ariko we yigeze ko uko yemera Imana bitandukanye n’uko abandi bayemera.

Avuga ko byo yemeranya n’Umufilozofe w’umuyahudi witwaga Baruch Spinoza kubyo yanditse ku Mana.

Einstein yagize ati: “Njye sinemera Imana ihangayikishwa n’ibyo abantu bakora ahubwo nemera Imana ya Spinoza yiyerekana binyuze mubyo yaremye bifite gahunda yabishyiriyeho. Iyo Mana nyihuriyeho na Spinoza.”

Einstein yazize kuvira imbere ndetse yanga ko bamubaga ngo avurwe.

Agira ati “ Nzagenda nimbishaka. Nta buryohe buri mu gutinza ubuzima mu buryo buhatiwe. Nakoze ibyanjye ni igihe ngo ngende. Nzagenda nemye.”

Bukeye bwaho yitabye Imana nabwo akigerageza kugira ibyo akora kandi arwaye.

Reba video nto yerekana uruhare rwa  Einstein mu gushyira Kaminuza ya Giheburayo ya Yeruzalemu.

Nobelprize.org

NIZEYIMANA Jean Pierre
UM– USEKE.RW