Menya ubwoko bw’Abega

Igitekerezo cy’IBIRARI n’IBIMANUKA na KIGWA twakivuzeho mu gice cyerekeye Abanyiginya. Uwashaka kukimenya neza niho rero yagisanga. Hano twakwibutsa gusa ko igihe KIGWA yamanukaga kw’i-Juru yamanukanye na mwene se MUTUTSI na mushiki wabo NYAMPUNDU batungukira mu Mubari wa Kabeja w’Umuzigaba (mu Rweya). Byageze igihe babona amatungo bari bazanye agenda abyarana akororoka, naho bo bagumya gusigara bameze nk’uko baje.

Nibwo bigiriye inama (cyangwa bayigirwa n’abapfumu b’ubukara bw’ubuzigaba) y’ukuntu babigenza kugira ngo nabo bashobore kwororoka. Ubwo Kigwa yahereyeko arongora mushiki we Nyampundu, naho Mututsi bamugira inama yo kujya hakurya y’umugezi, hanyuma akazaza gusaba umukobwa waje kubyarwa na bene se (mwishywa we), ariwe SUKIRANYA.

Kuba yaraje gusaba umugeni avuye hakurya y’umugezi, yaje yiyita “umwe-ga wa kurya”.  Mututsi na Sukiranya babyarana umwana wa mbere bamwita Serwega, ariwe Abega bose bakomakaho. Ndetse babyarana n’abandi bana, aribo Mukono, Ntandayera, Muha, n’abandi n’abandi.

Amoko yose akomoka kuri Kigwa no kuri bariya bose bazanye niyo Abanyarwanda bita “Amoko y’IBIMNUKA”. Kuri Mututsi hakomotseho Abatutsi, kuri Serwega, hakomokaho Abega; ndetse Serwega agera naho abyara Gahutu, ariwe Abahutu bakomokaho. Mukono abyara Abakono, Muha abyara Abaha, bikomeza bityo.

Ibimanuka rero bikomeza kwororoka, ndetse bigera nubwo bishyingirana n’Abazigaba. Abazigaba bo bitwa Abasangwabutaka kuko Ibimanuka byaje bibasanga hano ku butaka (kw’i-Si). Ubundi hemerwako amoko y’Abasangwabutaka ari atatu, Abasinga, Abagesera n’Abazigaba kandi bose bakabyarana n’Ibimanuka.

Abandi bana b’Ibimanuka bakomoka kuri Kigwa cyangwa Kimanuka (ari bo Bami b’Ibimanuka) ni aba bakurikira. Hari Kijuru, Kobo, Merano, Randa, Gisa, Kizira na Kazi, ariwe Se wa Gihanga, uyu bavuga ko ariwe “Kimezamiryango”, “Gihanga cyahanze inka n’ingoma”. Gihanga abyara Kanyarwanda; ndetse bakongeraho bati: Kanyarwanda yabyaye abana batatu, Gatwa, Gahutu na Gatutsi, aribo bakomokwaho n’Abatwa, Abahutu, n’Abatutsi.

Nkuko twabivuze ku mutwe werekeye Abanyiginya kimwe no hirya no hino muri iki gitabo, ibi bitekerezo by’IBIRARI by’amoko y’Abanyarwanda tugenda tubisobanura dukurikije imyumvire gakondo y’Abanyarwanda nkuko twayisobanuye, tukagerageza gushyira iruhande uko Abakoloni baje kubyandika nyuma bageze ino (kimwe n’abandi Banyarwanda babakurikije) ndetse bakanabyigisha bakurikije imyumvire yabo n’inyungu bari bagamije zo kwigarurira Abanyarwanda, cyane cyane baciye mu nzira zo kubacamo uduce.

Twabonye ukuntu bageze aho bavuga ko Abatutsi, Abahutu, Abatwa badakomoka hamwe (ngo bamwe bavuye muri za Abissiniya, Misri, Tcadi, Kameruni, n’ahandi n’ahandi), kandi ko batagereye rimwe mu Rwanda, bityo ko badashobora no kuba abavandimwe. Ibyo byose bikaba bigaragara ko bitigeze bivugwa mu mateka gakondo y’Abanyarwanda uko ubwabo bayiyumvishaga cyangwa bayadusigiye mu bitekerezo.

Ku byerekeye ubwoko bw’Abega rero, dukurikije ibyo dusanga muri ibyo bitekerezo by’Ibirari, tukongeraho cyane cyane ibyo twakusanije mu bushakashatsi twakoze mu gihugu cyose tubaza Abega ubwabo, dusanga ubwo bwoko nabwo ari ubwa kera cyane nkuko bugusha kuri Kigwa, Gihanga, Kanyarwanda, Mututsi, Serwega, kimwe n’abandi bakurambere bacu ba mbere. Kimwe n’andi moko manini kandi ya kera, tubusanga mu gihugu cyose ndetse no hakurya y’imipaka kandi bukaba bugizwe n’Abahutu, Abatutsi n’Abatwa. Twagerageje kujanisha mubo twabajije bose igihe twakoraga ubushakashatsi (1980-1990) tubona mu Bega bose, Abahutu bari 74,39 %, Abatutsi ari 25,07 %, Abatwa ari 0,54 %.

Amateka yose batugejejeho niyo yatumye twumva imyoma n’ibirari mu miturire yabo kimwe naho dusanga imiryango yabo ubungubu cyane cyane. 

2.Ibirari n’imyoma mu miturire y’Abega

Nkuko twabibonye ku Basindi cyangwa ku Banyiginya, Abega bakuru benshi twabajije nabo batubwiraga ko inkomoko zabo za mbere ziherereye mu nce zo mu majyaruguru y’u-Rwanda kimwe no mu majyepfo ya Uganda y’ubu, muri za Ndorwa-Ankole-Kigezi-Rukiga, ndetse mbere na mbere bikaba bishoboka ko baba baravuye mu majyaruguru kurushaho, ahagana muri za Bunyoro-Butoro.

Nkuko tubibona kw’ikarita ikurikira (map no….), imiryango y’Abega yinjiriye henshi mu Rwanda ariko cyane cyane bakurikiye ibyerekezo bibiri uturutse mu majyepho ya Uganda y’ubu. Hari icyiciro cya mbere cyinjiriye muri za Kigezi-Rukiga-Ndorwa, Bukimbiri, Buswere, ndetse abandi baca muri za Bufumbira, Gishali, Bwisha-Mpimbi kugera na za Buhunde-Butembo.  Aba nibo dusangamo ya miryango minini y’Abega b’Abaswere, Abega b’Abakimbiri, Abega b’Abagiri n’abandi n’abandi.

Icyiciro cya kabiri ni icyaciye muri za Nkore gikomeza kigana za Karagwe na Buhaya, bakamanuka bagana mu Bushubi, Bushingo, Buha kuzagera mu Burundi. Nkuko twabibonye ku Basindi-Banyiginya, aba Bega nabo babaye nkabazenguruka i-Burasirazuba bw’u-Rwanda bafata icyerekezo kigana ku Nyanja y’i-Karagwe (Lac Victoria). Aba rero ni bo binjiye mu Rwanda baciye muri za Mubari-Mutara-Buganza, Gisaka bavuye Karagwe na Buhaya, abandi binjirira mu Bwanamukari-Bungwe-Nyaruguru-Bufundu-Bunyambiriri ndetse na Kinyaga-Impara-Rusenyi-Bwishaza bakomotse mu Burundi; ariko hari n’abandi bakomeje bambuka Rusizi bagana mu Bupfurero (Lwindi-Kaziba), mu Bushi no mu Buhavu. Abangaba nibo baje kwongera kwambuka i-Kivu bakinjira mu Rwanda baciye mu Kinyaga na Rusenyi-Bwishaza. 

3.Imiryango y’Abega ubu tuyisanga hehe cyane cyane ?

Nubwo imiryango y’Abega tuyisanga mu gihugu hose, biragaragara ko hari uturere tumwe na tumwe tubonamo ubucucike bwinshi kurusha ahandi. Twavuga cyane cyane nko mu majyepfo y’u-Rwanda, mu nce za Butare, Bwanamukari, Nyaruguru, Bufundu, Bunyambiriri kimwe no mu Kinyaga, mu Rusenyi no mu Bwishaza. Kuri utu turere ndetse twakongeraho na Busanza-Nduga-Marangara. Ahangaha hose kandi niho dusanga imiryango y’Abega ibarirwamo Abatutsi benshi kurusha uko tuzabibona mu majyaruguru nubwo Abahutu nabo baba batari bake. Ingero z’iyo miryango twavuga ni nk’Abega b’Abakara, Abakagara, Abahinira, Abahenda, Abagagi, n’abandi n’abandi (reba ku rutonde rw’imiryango y’Abega ku mapaji akurikira).

Utundi turere dusangamo Abega benshi mu bucucike n’uduherereye mu majyaruguru y’u-Rwanda. Aha twavuga nko mu nce za Rukiga-Ndorwa-Bukimbiri-Buswere-Kigezi, hagahereza za Kibari-Murera-Bugoyi-Bushiru-Cyingogo ariko cyane cyane mu Bumbogo. Iki gice nicyo gikomeza no mu Bufumbira, Bwishya na Gishari. Nkuko twabibonye haruguru, imiryango dusanga ahangaha hose yo yiganjemo Abahutu. Iyo twavuga ni nk’Abega b’Abaswere, Abakimbiri, Abagiri n’abandi n’abandi.

Nyuma y’imipaka, uretse muri Uganda, ahandi dusanga Abega benshi ni mu Burundi no mu Buha ho muri Tanzania y’ubu, kimwe no mu Bupfurero, mu Bushi no mu Buhavu muri DRC y’ubu. Dukora ubushakashatsi, Abega benshi bo muri izi nce bakunze kuvuga ko bakomoka mu Rwanda. Nyamara abo mu Rwanda nabo bakavuga ko bakomoka muri izo nce zo mu mahanga. Ibi rero ntibigomba kudutangaza kuko mu buryo bw’imiturire yabo bose, twasanze byari urujya n’uruza, bigaterwa gusa n’ibihe babaga bashyiramo iyo misuhukire yabo.

Uturere dusangamo imiryango y’ABEGA

dukurikije imibare y’abantu bose twabajije mu 1990 – (mu cyari za Perefegitura za mbere)

4. Imwe mu miryango n’ibisekuru by’Abega

Abakara, abahenda, abagagi, abakongori, abahinira, abagaga, abaminika, abakagara, abateri, abadegede, abayango, abarugira, abarejuru, abakimbiri, abambari, abagiri, abazira­futi, abahuzu, abatere­ngeri, abahagazi, abagarura, abaswere, abatembo, ababamba, (abasate), abakozi (bo kwa nyankozi), abahinja (bo kwa nyabuhinja), abakuli, abaraguma, abamanga, abarebe, abikayanza, abakeri, abavunge, abateterwa, impaga, abagaju, abagoro, abakinga, abatogota, ababogo, abanyonyo, ababyiro, abagara (bo kwa Mugara), abanuma, abalishya, abashari, abazungura, abakanka, abasange, abenegatambira, abagomoka, abagaza, abahama, abamana, abalita, abiyaka, abaharara, abashako, abatemeli, abakanura, abavete, abagaju, abanyabugesera, ababeja, abagoboka, abajinja, abahimwa, abahirake, abadenge, abacandari, abacandari, abatezabiri, ababwija, ababwija, abahare, abendangabo, abamanzi, abatwenge, abanama, abalinga, abahanya, abisaba, abatwenge, abazilimo, abagirangoga, ababango, (abanyambo), abacali, abagimba, abakanja, ababenga, abagwabiza, abayovu, abatera, abagaza,  abakwiro, ababerwa, ababimbura, abasangiza, abahemba, abazinduko, abayoboke, abasingirankabo, abajyakera, abagunzu, abakinga, abakombe, abashenyi, ababimbura, abuma, abahanda, abacuzi, abashingwankiko, abahirwa, abasangano, abatambyi  , abatembe , abazerwa , abazimanganya, abatsibuka, abatahambuga, abaheshi, abaseka­mporo, abahimuzi, abasha­mbara, abaka­rabyi, abagwabiza, abenerwamwa, abavuna, abasaya, abazerwa, abahene, bahara, abajyanama, abashengezi, abakeri, abaruranga, abahama, abagega, abamanuka, abageregere, abaliza, abamanga, abatali, abakingo, abaramba, abagara, abatoyi, abahondo, abashi (bo kwa mushi), abazigirwa, abakannyi, abalyolyo, abanyunga, abarwa, abagorozi, abakubamuheto, abalimbi, abarundi, abahobe, abahanama, abadogo, abasyaga, abarenga (abavumwa), abadiri, abadongo (abakonjo), abarondo, abaronkano, abarwana, abakigenda, abakore, abacebe, abashyimbo, abatagata, abakamba, abafi, abagereka, abahimbya, abanyanya, abarinda, abashali, abashu­mbusho, abanyabungo, abakumba, abashabizi, abakina, abazindu, abaziga, abashimiye, abaha, ababoko, etc.

(Twakwibutsa kandi ko no muri iyi miryango n’ibisekuru tubona aha haruguru, naho ahenshi hari hahuriyemo Abahutu, Abatutsi n’Abatwa. Urugero: nko mu Bakara, Abahutu bari 23,7 % naho Abatutsi bari 76,3 %; mu Bahenda, Abahutu bari 14,8 % naho Abatutsi ari 85,2 %; mu Bakongori, Abahutu bari 12 % naho Abatutsi bari 88 %; bityo bityo… Uwashaka kureba kuri bose uko biteye yabibona mu gitabo cya NYAGAHENE Antoine

5. Imihango, imyuga n’ibindi bikorwa biranga Abega

5.1. Kubyara Abami n’Abagabekazi (IBIBANDA)

Abami b’Abega tubasanga mu ngoma bagiye bashinga mu Rwanda. Izizwi n’ingoma z’Abega b’Abaswere zahoze mu Bumbogo, mu Rwankeri-Bigogwe no mu Kibari ho mu majyaruguru y’u-Rwanda.

            Abami bo mu Bumbogo (=Abega b’Abaswere b’Abambogo b’i Huro) bakurikiranye batya: Mumbogo I Nyamvumba, Nyamurasa I Musengo, Musana I Nyamishana, Mumbogo II Semukambwe, Nyamurasa II Mpuga, Musana II Ngarukiyintwari, Mumbogo III Sempunga, Nyamurasa III Rwego, Musana III Muganuza, Mumbogo IV Ndonyi na Nyamurasa IV Kabano ariwe wabaye uwa nyuma kuko yavanyweho n’Abakoloni b’Ababiligi mu 1925, ku buryo ndetse baje no kumucira mu Kinyaga nkuko babigize kuri Musinga mu 1931.

Abami b’Abega bo mu Rwankeri-Bigogwe (Abega b’Abaswere b’Abagiri) bo bakurikiranye batya: Ntorere, Sindyimbogubusaka, Ndorere, Kanyegera, Bitana, jaba, Murembe, Rubanzabigwi, Mwijuka na Rugamba wabaye uwa nyuma nawe avanyweho n’Abakoloni mu 1923. Ku by’Abami bo mu Kibali ubu nabyo turi kubitohoza.

            Ibyaribyo byose ubwoko bw’Abega buzwi cyane cyane mu Rwanda kuba bwaratangaga Abamikazi ku ngoma y’Abanyiginya kandi abenshi bakaba aribo batorwagamo Abagabekazi. Mu moko y’Ibibanda (=yahaga abageni abami b’Abanyiginya), ubwoko bw’Abega bwazaga ku murongo wa mbere. Iyo turebye ku rutonde rw’Abagabekazi bose, dusanga kuri 30 babaye i-Bunyiginya, 12 bose bari Abegakazi. Ibi rero bikaba byaratumye imiryango ikomeye y’Abega y’ibibanda ybaragize ububasha bukomeye n’ubutoni bw’akadosohoka ku ngoma z’Abami b’Abanyinya, mbese bigaragara neza ko aribo basangiye ubutegetsi n’Abanyiginya mu rwego rwo hejuru kimwe no kuba abavuguruza babo. Aha twavuga nk’imiryango y’Abega b’Abakara, iy’Abagaga, iy’Abagagi, iy’Abahenda n’abandi n’abandi, ariko cyane cyane iy’Abakagara.

Table n^o 2: Uko Abami b’Abega bagiye bakurikirana tugereranyije n’Abanyiginya

5.2. Imihango y’ubwiru

Mu mihango myinshi y’ubwiru, nk’iyo mu bwimika, iy’umuganura cyangwa iy’ishora, n’iyindi n’iyindi, imiryango y’Abega nayo yayigiragamo uruhare rukomeye ifatanije n’Abatsobe, n’Abasindi, Abasinga, Abungura n’abandi n’abandi. Hari nk’umuryango w’Abega b’Abambogo tubona mu mihango y’umuganura ufatanije n’Abatsobe, kandi si wo wonyine. Hari Abakongori, Abahenda, n’abandi n’abandi dusanga mu mihango y’ubwiru nkuko tubibona ku rutonde rw’imiryango n’ibisekuru by’Abega haruguru.

5.3. Kuba abatware bakuru, abagaba b’ingabo n’abashumba b’ibyatwa

Kuva kera kose, ndetse kugera no ku gihe cy’ubukoloni nko 1950, nkuko ubushakashatsi bwose bwabyerekanye, imiryango y’Abega niyo yari ifite abatware bakuru benshi mu butegetsi ku rwego rukurikira urw’Abanyiginya.  Kuba bari mu butegetsi n’intwari ku rugamba byatumye bagira amashyo menshi y’inka, no kuba abashumba b’umwami.

Indi myuga imiryango myinshi y’abega yakoraga irimo;Gukora imyuga y’ubutasi  n’iy’ubuhigi, Imyuga y’ubupfumu n’iy’ubuvuzi gakondo, Imihango yo kubandwa Ryangombe; Ndetse hari abantu bamwe bavuga ko na Ryangombe ashobora kuba akomoka mu bwoko bw’Abega.
Umwuga w’ububumbyi mu Bega kandi dusangamo imiryango imwe n’imwe y’ababumbyi n’iy’abayovu (Abahutu n’Abatwa)

Inyandiko ya Prof Antoine Nyagahene

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