Incamake ku bwami bwa Mezopotamiya nubwa Ashuri

Mezopotamiya yari iherereye hagati y’Imigezi ibiri ikomeye ya Euprate na Tigre.Kubera iyi migezi ndetse ni ifumbire yazanwaga n’amazi ,byatumwe abaturage b’ubu  bwami baba abakungu biturutse mu buhinzi.

Ubu bwami mbere yuko bukomera cyane byabanje kugirwa n’uduhugu duto duto .Igihugu cya kera kurusha ibindi cyiri Karudaya(Chaldeans)kikaba cyari gituwemo n’abantu b’abomoko abiri aribo Abasumeri (bari batunzwe no gukora imirimo y’amaboko:gucukura amariba y’amazi yo kongera amazi mu mirima,bakora n’indimiimo yindi yatumwe ababasimbuye nyuma barigaruriye ibikorwa remezo mu kwiteza imbere).

Abandi bantu bari batuye majyepfo bitwaga Akadians bakaba bari batunzwe no korora amatungo bigatuma bahora bimuka bikaba bivugwa ko bafitanye isano n’Abayahudi .

Umwami witwaga Hamurabi(-2123-2081)yashoboye guhuza uduce twombi twari dugize ubwo bwami maze akoramo ubwami bukomeye bwaturukaga ku kirwa cya Golufe ya Peresi(Iran na Irak by’iki gihe)bukagera ahitwaga Assur ndetse ni I Nineve.

Hamurabi yafashe abaturage abakoresha imirimo y’ingufu agamije kurinda ubwami bwe.

Imiferege miremire yaracukuwe ndetse n’imyobo miremire iracukurwa mu rwego rwo gukumira unwanzi.Hamurabi  yateje imbere ubukungu bushingiye kubucuruzi yakoranaga n’amahanga amukikije.

Mu rwego rw’amategeko Hamurabi yashyizeho amategeko akarishye yatumye abanturage be bamumwubaha ndetse bakubahana kuko ntawatinyuka kugirira nabi  mugenzi kuko ‘ijisho ryahorerwaga irindi’.

Ubwami  Bwasimbuye Mesopotamiya(Ashuri)

Ubu bwami bwahoraga mu ntambara z’urudaca.Bakimara kujyaho Abashuri barwanye n’AbaHitite,barwana n’Abanyamisiri  ndetse n’abandi.

Umwami washinze ubwami bwabo yitwaga Teglat-Phalasar I (-1115) wasimbuwe na Salmanasar III(-858-814) n’abandi.

Ubwami bwateye imbere cyane mu gihe cy’Umwami witwaga Assourbanipal (-668-626),uyu mwami yayogoje Misiri asenya umurwa mukuru wayo icyo gihe witwaga Thebes  ahagana 663.Mu ntambara ze zose yicaga abanzi be nabi cyane.

Igihe yaneshaga umujyi witwaga Suse yatwitse buri kintu cyose arangije atwara imirambo y’ingabon’umwami wabo iwe.Amaze kunesha umwami w’Abarabu yamupfumuye ijigo asesekamo umunyururu wazirikisha imbwa maze aragenda amuzirika kun nkike y’amarembo y’umujyi kugeza apfuye yishwe n’inyota.

Igisirikare cy’Abashuri

Cyari igisirikare gishingiye ku kwiga urugamba ndetse  no kurwna gusa.Umwami niwe wari umukuru w’ingabo w’ikirenga.Akagira Abajenerali bitwaga Tourtans bamufashaga ku rugamba.

Cyari kandi kigizwe n’ingabo z’abacanshuro bari barishyize mu nmaboko kugirango baticwa nabi.

Igisirikar kandi cyari gifite iamagare y’intambara menshi akururwa  n’amafarasi ahetse abasirikare babiri ,umwe arasa undi ayoboye iryo gare.

Umuco w’Abashuri

Bari bari abantu basengaga imana  nyinshi zifite ibintu byinshi zishinzwe  kwitaho.Ishtar yari imana ishinzwe inyeneyri n’Isi.Hari ni ndi yitwaga Tammouz yari ishinzwe kwita ku bihingwa n’umusaruro.

Hari harimo n’ubumaji bwinshi .Abaherezabitambo bari abantu bafite ijambo rikomeye ku banturage cyane .Batambaga ibitambo by’abana.

Ikindi kintu cyarangaga umuco w’Abashuri ni inyubako zabo zarimo imitako myinshi.

Bari bafite n’Amzu y’ibitabo.Ibitabo byabo byari bitandukanye n’iby’ubu.Babataga itafari ribiri bakisharuraho inyandiko imeze nk’udusumari maze bakaritsika bityo ibyanditse ntibizasibamo ukundi.

Iyi nyandiko abahanga bayita Cuneiformes(Cunei-imisumari,Forme-ishusho).

Abashuri baje guhirikwa n’ingabo zaturutse mu turere tw’Ubuperesi  zari ziyobowe n’abami nka Cyrus  umwami w’Abamedi n’Abaperesi .Uyu mwami yari yaratsinze Umwami wahitwaga Lydie,witwaga Cresus.

Yaje gusimburwa na Darius waje kuba umwami ukomeye w’Abamedi n’Abaperesi.

Source,E.Jarry & H.Arquillierre(1984),Histoire Ancienne ,Orient ,Rome,Grece ,Editions de l’Ecole ,Paris,p 45-48.

Nizeyimana Jean Pierre
UM– USEKE.RW