Ubwihundurize (Evolution theory) ni iki?

Umwe mu basomyi b’Umuseke yatwandikiye atubwira ko byaba byiza tumusobanuriye icyo Ubwihundirize aricyo. Ubwihindurize buvuga iki ku nkomoko y’ibinyabuzima n’ukuntu byagiye kuhinduka uko imyaka yahitaga indi igataha?

Ubwihundurize ni igitekerezo cyo mu rwego rwa Siyansi cyasobanuwe ndetse gihabwa agaciro n’Umuhanga uzwi cyane witwaga Charles Darwin(1809-1882).

Tuzashaka umwanya wo kumwandikaho mu bihe biri imbere. Gusa hari abandi bari baragize icyo gitekerezo nka Jean Baptiste de Lamarck(1744-1829) n’abandi.

Inkingi eshanu ubwihindurize bushingiyeho:

1. 1.      Ibinyabuzima bihora bihinduka (perpetual change):

Iri hame rivuga ko ibinyabuzima biteye ku buryo bihora bihindura ingirabuzima fatizo(genes)zabyo.

Uko ikinyabuzima kigaragara inyuma ndetse n’imbere kugenda guhinduka nyuma y’igihe kirekire runaka.

Abahanga bashingira ku bisigazwa by’ibinyabuzma bya kera aho bavuga ko uko bigaragara ubu bigaragaza ko habayeho guhinduka kwabyo.

Bityo rero bakemeza ko iri hame rwa Darwin ari ukuri.

2.  Ibinyabuzima bifite igisekuruza kimwe (common descent):

Aha ho  bavuga ko ibinyabuzima aho biva bikagera byose bikomoka ku musekuruza umwe.

Ngo bityo byagiye bitandukana mu moko biturutse ku ruhererekane rw’ababyeyi ibyo binyabuzima byagize nyuma y’igihe.

Abahanga bemeza ko ibi ari ukuri iyo bize Ibinyabuzima bashingiye ku ngirabuzima fatizo zabyo bakabigereranya n’ibya bibanjirije (Molecular Biology and Phylogeny).

3. Kubaho kw’ibinyabuzima bishyashya (multiplication of species)

Darwin yakomeje avuga ko intambwe ya gatatu ya Theory ye ari uko ibinyabuzima bishya bigenda bibaho bikomotse kuri bya bindi byabibanjirije, nubwo bwose hari ibivuka bidasa n’ibya bibanjirije kubera ababyeyi babanye badahuje ubwoko.

Ibi rero kuri Darwin ngo nibyo nkomoko y’ibinyabuzima bw’ubundi bwoko buba budasanzweho.

Gusa ngo rimwe na rimwe hari igihe ibinyabuzima bidahuje inkomoko bishobora kubyarana. Ariko ngo urubyaro nk’uru ntirukunze kuramba.

4.  Guhindagurika (Gradualism)

Aha ho bavuga ko ikinyuranyo kigaragara mu bunyabuzima muri rusange gishingiye ku kuntu byagiye bigira ihindagurika rikomeye ry’ingirabuzima fatizo ryabyo(genes).

Abahanga bavuga ko iyi ngingo ari ingenzi kuko n’ubundi guhindika kwazo gushobora guteza akaga ikinyabuzima.

Bityo kuri bo kwiga ukuntu iryo hinduka ryabaye bikaba byafasha kumenya impamvu zitera ibinyabuzima bimwe na bimwe kutaba mu duce runaka tw’isi ariko zikaba mu tundi.

5. Ibinyabuzima biba ‘ahantu’ hajyanye n’ukuntu biteye (Natural Selection):

Ihame rya nyuma rya Darwin rivuga ko uko ikinyabuzima giteye bigira uruhare mu kuntu kibaho.

Aha bavuga ko ibidikikije bituma tubaho cyangwa tugapfa bishingiye ku buryo dushobora kwiyakira ndetse no kubana nabyo (adaptation).

Yakomeje yerekana ko iyo ibinyabuzima bibaye ahantu igihe kirekire,bigenda bigira ingingo z’imibiri yabwo zibifasha  kubaho aho hantu ziba.

Iyo bimwe binaniwe kubaho bitewe no kutagira izi ngingo n’ubuhanga bikenewe birapfa hagakomeza kubaho ibibifite.

Iyi theory ntabwo ivugwaho rumwe n’abahanga mu binyabuzima bose ndetse n’abemera indi nyigisho yitwa Irema(Creation).

Gusa nabo ntibayivugaho rumwe, Hari abavuga ko Imana yaremye Isanzure mu minsi irindwi ,(umunsi w’ amasaha 24) mu gihe hari n’abandi bavuga ko irema ryabayeho mu gihe kirekire kirenga amamiliyoni y’imyaka.

NIZEYIMANA Jean Pierre
UM– USEKE