Menya amwe mu makosa 10 yakozwe mu buvuzi (igice cya 1)
Nkuko tubikesha ikinyamakuru oddee.com hari amwe mu makosa yakozwe n’abaganga kubera uburangare akagira ingaruka ku barwayi nko kuba baguca ukuguru kuzima hanyuma bakaza kubona ko bibeshye na kwa kundi bakaguca,ingero zo ni nyinshi.
Ikosa rya 1: ivuriro ryakoresheje intanga zitarizo
Ibi byabaye igihe Nancy Andrews wo muri New York yatwitaga hakoreshejwe bwa buhanga bwa fertilization in vitro, umuryango ugiye kwibaruka wibaruka umwana wirabura bitandukanye n’intanga bari gukoresha,baje kubyara umwana ku itariki 19/10/2004 umwana witwa Jessica wirabura bo ari abazungu.
Ikosa rya 2: bamuhaye umutima n’ibihaha bitaribyo
Umwana witwa Santilla yitabye Imana nyuma y’ibyumweru 2 nyuma yo gusimbuzwa umutima n’ibihaha byo mu bwoko bw’amaraso yo mu bwoko bwa A kandi we yari afite O mu bitaro bya DUKE University Hospital, North Carolina, USA
Ikosa rya 3: yakuwemo ibya ritari ryo
Ibi byo byabaye ku nkeragutabara yo muri Amerika Benjamin Houghton yari ifite imyaka 47. Ibya yari gukurwamo ni iry’ibumoso ryari rirwaye, biza kurangira yose avuyemo. Byabereye mu bitaro bya Los Angeles VA Medical Center.
Ikosa rya 4: bamusizemo icyuma kireshya na inch 13
Donald church w’imyaka 49 yari afite kanseri mu nda.Bamaze ku mubaga bibagiriwe mo kimwe mu bikoresho bakoresheje, baza kubitahura nyuma nyuma bongera ku musubiza ku iseta bamubaga bwa 2.Akaba yarabikorewe mu bitaro bya University of Washington medical center mu kwa 6/2010.Ibi bitaro bikaba byaramurishye $97,000 y’impozamarira.
Ikosa rya 5: Bamubaze umutima ataricyo yararwaye
Umukecureu w’imyaka 67 yakiriwe mu bitaro agomba gukorerwa ibizamini by’imitsi yo mutwe (cerebral angiography) arabikorerwa mu gihe yarigutaha bukeye bwaho yoherezwa ku iseta bamwitiranyije na mugenzi we wari ufite ikibazo cy’umutima.
Mu gihe yari kubagwa umuganga wamukoreye ibizamini bya mbere asanga bari kumubaga umutima ababwira ko bamwibeshyeho barasanasana bamusubiza aho bafatira akuka.
Ubu bimwe mu bihugu bifite amategeko agenga ubuvuzi (legal medicine) bivuze ko amakosa umuganga ayaryozwa imbere y’inkiko, gusa mu Rwanda ho ntibiraba kuko hakiri n’ingorane z’ibikoresho, amahugurwa ya buri gihe n’izindi nzitizi nyinshi.
Gusa kandi ikibazwa ese ibi mu Rwanda byo ntibihaba? Ese bibaye umurwayi arenganurwa na nde? Umuganga abibazwa ate se? ibyibazwa byo ni byinshi!
Uyu munsi tubagejejeho amakosa 5 ya mbere ,mu nkuru itaha tuzabagezaho andi 5.
Corneille K.Ntihabose
UM– USEKE.COM
English
38 Comments
umuseke.com muri aba kwanza
Merci beaucoup umuseke.com,hano biraba uretse ko bitari kenshi,kandi nitegeko ryokurenganura umurwayi ririho sinzi ko riremezwa mumakuru mfite,ahubwo banyarwanda nkunda c!pas un miracle,natwe abaganga turi abantu nkuko na comptable,juriste,n’abandi bibeshya mbonereho kubabwira ngo ubuhanga muzi naha burahari iwacu kandi mujye musengera nabo baganga banyu.bne jrnée
Sha uriya muntu bakuyemo amabya yiwe baramuhemukiye sana!! Kandi buriya wasanga na gahunda yo kuringaniza imbyaro itaragera mu gihugu cyabo, bari bagikeneye abana bavuka!!?? Mana we! niba byashobokaga ngo bariya baganga babake amabya yabo bayasubize uriya mugabo!
sha Mu Rwanda ho byifshe gute!!! Ho bashobora kuba bakora nk’ ibyo buri munsi!! e.g King Faysal Hospital.
erreur est humain
Ko mutavuga se abaganga murwanda batonganye bari kubaga umuntu maze umwe akarakara agatera mugenzi we impyiko yari akuye mumurwayi!! ni agahomamunwa ndakubwiye!!
akumiro ni ibirenge!hai umurwayi nawe babaze bibagirwa kumusubizamo umutima baradoda arataha!
Mu Rwanda ntibiragera kuriyo Niveau,ariko biraba,kuko ni erreur téchnique,nawe byakubaho,ibyerekeye le type yakuwemwo tésticule ze,nibyo nziko har ukuntu babikora bikagaruka ariko c’est un cas rare,niyo mpamvu mukwiye kudusengera.
bibaho erega abaganga ntimwaturenganya
Suko se chris,
Ni byo koko ndabyemera bibaho, ariko abaganga bakoze ayo makosa bage bemera kwirengera ingaruka. il faut etre responsable. Mu mategekeo kugira ngo umuntu akurikiranwe si uko aba yakoze ikintu akigambiriye gusa, usibye ko igihano ku wakoze ibintu abigambiriye n’utabigambiriye kitangana. Ariko ibyo ntibyakuraho gukurikiranwa.Ubuteshuke, uburangare, ukutitaho, n’ibindi ntibigomba kureberwa mu gihe byatwara ubuzima bw’abantu.
niyo mpamu nabiuyemo kuko niba uvuga ko erreur est humain hejuru y’ubuzima bw’umuntu nabone ntazabiviramo nda deviant da!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ewana muranyemeje kuraje ku makuru nkaya
mutubwire n,ama degats akorerwa mu bitaro byo mu Rwanda cyane cyane Faysal.
bagomba guhanwa kuko bazabigira akamenyero knd ubuzima ntibugurwa
Erega bavandimwe,uwavuze ngo erreur est humain sibyo,kandi ibya dégats aba muma hopital yacu byo ntagera kuririya niveau des hopitaux international,ariko kandi ibihano bigomba gutangwa,mumakuru ya kera bishoboka ko itegeko ryigwa,nanjye ubikoramwo nararwaye iryinyo bibangombwa ko 1 dentiste aribaga il faut voir ibyabaye,yamvanyemwo iryinyo ansigazamwo racine imwe nayimaranye encore 1sémaine yanadoze,nabikijijwe nuko naje ikigali.nabe nino vraiment.
YEBABAWEEE!! MUVUGE NABA STAGEAIRE BIGIRA KUBANTU ,ABAMAZE GUPFA BAZIZE “OVER DOSE”Z’IMITI HANO MU RWANDA NIBENSHI,ABAGORE BAPFA BARI KUNDA KUBERA UBURANGARE NABO NTIBAGIRA INGANO.
Morning to,today for me it is very nice,ndabyumva muntu wanjye ntibyoroshye kandi icyangombwa nibitekerezo bifite ibisubizo kandi bifasha notre societe,kandi iyo mbona msg zawe binyereka ko ukuze,
jye ntacyo kubya contact,akanya gake mbona tuzajya tuvugana uko nyine.gud day
Hari uwanditse ngo aguhaye gasopo ureke gushyomoka sinzi ko ryandikwa uku,barinsobanuriye neza,wowe tanga avis yawe kandi mubyo uvuga n ukuri,byubaka notre societe kandi nawe arimwo.courage mon ami
Bonjour mon cher Dr. Börgres,
Ndagirango nkuganirire muli make. Kandi si wowe mbwira wenyine, nundi wese ushaka ahite yumviraho….
„……natwe abaganga turi abantu nkuko na comptable,juriste,n’abandi bibeshya mbonereho kubabwira ngo ubuhanga muzi naha burahari iwacu kandi mujye musengera nabo baganga banyu.bne jrnée“.
Ndagushimye Muvandimwe Dr. Börgres. Ntabwo ali buli wese utekereza gutyo. Ariko niyo nzira. Cyane cyane, iyo umuntu ashaka kuba umuyobozi mwiza. Umuyobozi mwiza agomba kwemera ko ashabora gukora amakosa. Burya keretse imburamikoro, naho buli muntu wese ukora umurimo, ashobora kwibeshya, guhusha kubera umunaniro n’ibindi n’ibindi. Nkantswe rero imirimo ikeneye ubuhanga n’ubushobozi buhanitse nk’ubuvuzi. KOKO UMUNTU AGOMBA GUPFUKAMA AGASENGA…..
LEADERSHIP
There is a difference between management and leadership. There is a difference between a leader and a GOOD leader!!!
Umuyobozi mwiza, usibye nyine ko iteka yitangiliraho akinenga, asaba abantu ayobora kumubwiza ukuri. Umuyobozi mwiza iyo uje ukamubwira ibintu bigenda neza mu kigo akuriye, agutega amatwi, akishima kandi akagushimira. Ariko ntakurekura ngo ugende utakubajije ati: „Rero dore wambwiye ibintu bigenda neza. Ariko mbabalira umbwire n’ibindi usanga bitagenda. Mbwira n’ibindi byose usanga dukwiye kugorora, gukosora cyangwa kunononsora“….
The key is to be a confronter and take a holistic view. It is very important to know the strong side of a company. But it is also very important to identify the actual shortcomings….
Iwacu i Rwanda ese byifashe bite? Jyewe Ingabire-Ubazineza mbibona nte???
GOOD GOVERNANCE
Iyi ni inshingano iwacu i Rwanda. Nshobora gutega na buli wese, hano kuli runo rubuga. Muzambwire ijambo Umukuru w’Igihugu avuga akarangiza atagarutse kuli iyo nshingano. BECA– USE GOOD GOVERNANCE IS HIS MANTRA…..
Muli make rero burya jyewe nsanga iwacu i Rwanda tugira IMANA kabisa. Abayobozi benshi, hafi mu nzego zose bashoboye akazi bakora. Abayobozi bacu, abenshi bifitiye impano bivukaniye yo kuyobora abantu. Abayobozi benshi ni intwari za buli munsi. Ni intwari dukeneye. Ni intwari ziyoroshya. Ni intwari, buli wese yishyikiraho, mama weeeee……
Nimureke mbisubiremwo. Ayo ni amahirwe arenze kamere peeee. Kandi ndababwira muli make impamvu….
Ubuyobozi bwiza, cyane cyane abantu nka njye bize ibyerekeye tekinike ntaho tubyiga mu mashuri. Ntaho umunyeshuri, muli curriculum ye, ahura na byo kugeza yarangiza kaminuza. Cyane ikintu bita „Teamwork and Communication = Ubufashanye no Kuganira“ abenshi biratugora iyo tugeze mu kazi. Kuganira ntabwo ali kumenya kuvuga gusa, kuganira mbere ya byose ni kumenya gutega amatwi abantu ukuriye…
Muli make rero abayobozi benshi bayobora ibigo bikomeye, bakwiye iteka kujya bihugura, bakwiye kujya mu masomo y’ikigoroba. Erega umuntu ashobora kuba inzobere mu byerekeye tekiniki, ariko akaba umuswa mu byerekeye ubuyobozi bw’abantu. Jyewe nsanga nta kinegu kirimwo. Ikinegu aho kiri niyo umuntu ahiniye agati mu ryinyo, maze aho kwitangiliraho ngo yibaze kandi yisubize. Aho kwitangiliraho agatangilira hanze, ashaka kuyobya uburari gusa…
BEHAVIOR CHANGE IS THE KEY.
Dore ingero zerekana ko iwacu iki kibazo kizwi. ITORERO ryashyiriweho iki kibazo. Ryashyizweho kugirango abantu batangire bakiri bato, maze bige imico, amasoma bazakenera kera. Igihe bazaba barangije amashuri asanzwe. Igihe bazaba bagomba gushinga imiryango. Igihe bazaba batangiye akazi. Muli ariya matorero abantu bahigira amasomo menshi, amasomo badahabwa mu mashuri-bushuri. Abantu bahigira cyane cyane kongera ubushobozi-kamere bwo gukemura ibibazo.
THE ISSUE IS: „HOW DO WE IMPROVE OUR PROBLEM SOLVING CAPACITY“.
Kuva muli 1996, Dr. Charles Murigande yali afite ishyirahamwe ahuriramwo n’abagenzi be. Yego bahuriragamwo bagasenga, ariko ndemeza ko nyuma y’amasengesho baganiraga byimazeyo. Kubyerekeye ubuyobozi kimwe n’imirimo bakora ya buri munsi. Iyo umuntu yabaga akeneye inama yarayihabwaga.
Kuki umuyobozi runaka adashobora guhura n’abandi bagenzi be bayobora ibigo, maze bagacoca mw’ibanga, ingorane bahura nazo ku kazi???…..
Mw’ishuri Nderabarezi i ZAZA numvise ko havutse ikintu gishyashya. Numvise ko bafite urubuga rwa interneti, abarimu bashobora guhuriramwo bakaganira. Maze bakerekana „Best Practices = Imikorere Ndashyikirwa“. Buli mwarimu agashobora kuhakura inama, ndetse agahita ayigerageza aho yigisha….
UMWANZURO
Muvandimwe Dr. Börgres, ndagushimira kuba unkubita ingabo mu bitugu. Uti Ingabire-Ubazineza, komeza rwose utubwire icyo utekereza nta mususu!!!
Nzakomeza kubaganirira uko numva ibintu. Nzabaganirira mu kinyabupfura. Ariko atari bimwe byaya mpyisi y’iwanyu, imwe ikurya ikurondereza.!!!…
I AM AND I WILL REMAIN SERIOUS AND RESPONSIBLE. AND I WANT YOU TO BE SERIOUS AND RESPONSIBLE…..OKAY!!!
Bon weekend, yours sincerely Ingabire-Ubazineza
bibaho ariko ni ukwitonda kuko araseseka ntayorwa
Yes Brother it is verry true,ndagushimiye pe!kandi Imana ijye iguha ubwenge bwo guhugura.sinzi icyatumye utajya muri Education,tu es excellent,a propos de mon carriere vraiment ntituri Imana kandi tureke gukosa,n ubu mujye mudusengera.unyigishije ikintu kiza kuba umuyobozi mwiza nukubanza kwimenya amakosa,hanyuma nokunakira abandi murugwiro ndetse ukanabumva.
My dear nkwibarize,nkanjye w umuganga bigize birtya umu paticient agiriwe peut etre erreur muri operation bitumye aza aragututse kandi arababaye,nkawe wampa namaki uko namwakira?
Agatheo ibyo n ukuri kandi nukugenda neza kukwa amazi aseseka ntibayore.merci
Banyarwanda reka mbonereho mbisabire ibyo mwatubwiye byose byama dégats abera muma hopitaux yacu no hanze ndabyemera,none ugiriwe ikibazo ujye wegera muganga ukuriye ibitaro cyangwa Minisante byakemurwa,kandi munadusengera,munadushyaha,kuko uwanga gushyahwa aba atari umuntu buntu.Imana ibarinde
Ubundi kwiga,guhugura no kwigisha ni uguhozaho. Kandi ubikora buri gihe akihangana, agashyiraho umwete ntarambirwe. Ubundi igikunda gutera ibyo byose ni umunaniro, routine, uburangare na ignorance yo kwigira nyirandabizi bigatuma ukora ayo makosa. Ibyo bikemurwa no guhozaho mu kwihugura.Lisez Proverbes,chapitre 8, verset1 au 31. Que Dieu vous benisse.
To,Dr Börgres,wowe se Dr ukivuga kwibeshya mu buzima bw’abantu? none ho urashaka kugereranya ibitaro n’igaraje,uzabanze ujye kwiga ibintu bya Parapara ibyo mu kiganga nti bikora hato mutamara abantu ngo mwibeshye. tubarwanyeee!!!!!!!!!
Gasarabwe,ntabwo ariko nabivuze,kandi hereusement que ntabirangeraho,kandi ubuzima burahenze,ntabwo wagombye kunyamagana,kandi ni cas generale,ese kubwawe ibyo ukoramwo nta narimwe ukosa?
Komera muvandimwe Dr. Börgres,
merci beaucoup pour les fleurs. Humura kuva na kera iwacu nali „reference = ikitegererezo“. Nyuma ya misa nkuru, ababyeyi wasangaga batungira abana babo agatoki bati „Nimurebe uriya muhungu mwene kanaka. Mugomba kugerageza kwiga neza nka we“. Cyakora aho mbereye umusore, natangiye kwirata, ibya „Excellentia“ mba mbikungitse. Kuko hari ibindi bintu byinshi m’ubuzima, nasanze biryoshye, kurusha kwirirwa nsoma ibitabo!!!
Reka ngaruke ku kibazo cyawe muli make….
„….My dear nkwibarize,nkanjye w’umuganga bigize bitya umu patient agiriwe peut être, erreur muri operation, bitumye aza aragututse kandi arababaye. Nkawe wampa nama ki uko namwakira?“.
——————————————
Premièrement, je reconnais que la question est très pertinente. En effet, elle me dépasse….
Deuxièmement, de part mon expérience de vie, je vais essayer de te dire ce que je ferais dans une telle situation. Mais je dois souligner que de telles situations sont uniques. On ne peut pas les simuler. On ne peut pas les reproduire. C’est une des raisons, pourquoi la profession de médecin n’est pas une profession comme les autres.
LA RESPONSABILITÉ EST ÉNORME, C’EST VRAI….
Ubusanzwe uko mbizi, mbere yo kubaga umurwayi, hari urupapuro agomba gusinya. Muli urwo rupapuro agomba kwemera ingaruka mbi zose zishobora kubaho….
Nkuko ubyivugira ntabwo “ MUGANGA ALI IMANA“. Nubwo muri rusange ubuvuzi bwakataje bugatera imbere ku buryo bushimishije, no muli USA, muli EUROPA birashoboka ko abaganga bakora amakosa. Ndetse limwe na limwe, umurwayi ahita apfa kandi bitari ngombwa. Mais la probabilité est de un sur un million de patients!!!!….
HONESTY FIRST.
Jyewe ndi umurwayi nkaza nkagutura akababaro, mba nkeneye ko unyakira, ukanyakirana icyubahiro n’impuhwe. Kandi ukanyereka ko MFITE AGACIRO….
Aya magambo, umuntu ashobora gukeka ko ali „No-brainer“, ko ari ikintu cyumvikana. Ariko limwe na limwe, biratangaje, usanga abantu benshi bitwa ngo ni impuguke, bibananira. Limwe na limwe usanga UMUGANGA atakureba mu maso, ahubwo yirebera hejuru. Mbese usanga asa nkukwereka ko uje kumutwara igihe!!!….
Muli make, umurwayi ntabwo ali ikigoryi, aba azi neza ko „Erreur muli opération“ ibaho. Icyo aba akeneye ni „EMPATHY“. Jyewe rero nahita nemera ko nakoze ikosa, nkamusaba imbabazi. Yazimpa atazimpa, nta cyo byantwara. Icyangombwa ni uko nemeye ikosa imbere y’Imana, imbere ya njye, imbere y’umurwayi.
YES I AM RESPONSIBLE. FULL STOP.
Ndangije iyi message nkwibutsa ibintu nawe uzi neza. Kubera „Stress“ ikabije ku kazi, abaganga batari bake barwara „Burnout, depression, stuff addiction etc…“. Ni ngombwa rero kugira abantu mukorana wizeye, bashobora kukwishyikiraho, abantu bashobora kukwibutsa ko, igihe kigeze cyo gufata akaruhuko….
WITH HUMILITY * GRATITUDE * LOVE
Uwawe Ingabire-Ubazineza
Ndagira ngushimire Nshuti yanjye Ingabire,kandi wampaye ibinyubaka,uretse ko Imana niyo mugenga kandi mushobora byose,ubu maze iminsi ntekereza kuba nsubitse uy umurimo ndashaka kuruhuka kandi ndashima Imana kuko ngejeje none nta dégats ngize mukazi.ndimwo ndabitegura neza,ariko inama nzazitanga,wageze kwa muganga basanze ntakibazo kuri Madame?Imana iguhe ibigukwiriye
mwaramuste neza Dr borgres,so mbere na mbere ndashimira uburyo mwitanga kandi muka tubwira byishi kubyo tutazi so nasanze ukunda gusura ururubuga none nge nagiragango umbabarire nkujyane kuyindi nkuru keneye kumenyaho andi makuru reba inkuru yanditse kururu rubuga ndatekerezako ari ya 2 yi bijyanye naba kobwa barwara munda hanyuma urebe nkuri comment yange haribyo nifuza gusobanukirwaho iyo comment iriho izina rya GANZA mura koze
Well Brother Dr. Börgres,
go ahead and take care. “Kuruhuka” ni ngombwa. For sure I know, because I am a high performer and an obsessive worker myself…
Iwanjye, kuri jyewe n’i kambere ni ubuhoro.
WITH HUMILITY * GRATITUDE * LOVE
Uwawe Ingabire-Ubazineza
Ganza,ndagushimiye ko wanyandikiye umbaza,nasomye kunkuru wambwiye,kubyo wambwiye birahura na tape 1igitabo kitwa kivuga ko ari uburibwe buterwa numubiri w umuntu kuko ahanini bishobora kugutera nausée,vomissement,Migraine quelque fois,nibindi. Gusa nakuyobora kuri service za Gynécologie,CHUK,DR kanimbafaycal,bagufasha.
ndabashimye ku bitekerezo binyuranye byatanzwe, ikibazo kirahari mu rwanda nk’ahandi hose ahubwo umuti waba uwuhe ? insurance companies zacu zagombye kubonamo isoko , legal medecine nayo yagombye kwihutishwa kuko niyo nzira yo gusaba kurenganurwa igihe urenganijwe na mugangakwa muganga .byarabaye mu myaka ishize ,haba za fayisal n’ahandi , tubyumva nk’inkuru , batanga ubuhamya bw’ibyababayeho,birababaje ikizima ni uko baba bashima imana ko bagihumeka.abaganga bakora byinshi byizatutakwirengagizatwese,ako gatotsi kagombye gutokorwa vuba : ibitaro byose byagombye gutegekwa gufata insurance ifite capacity y’indishyi zifatika ku barwayi bahohotewe.by’ umwihariko nkaba nasabaga inteko ishinga amategeko na leta b’u rwanda kubigira umuhigo kuko ikibazo ntabwo ari aho indishyi zava ikibazo ni amategeko agena ireganurwa n’indishyi zijyanye nabyo,amafranga azava mu bafata ubwishingizi atangwe na insurance companies .
murakoze .
Muraho Bwana Mutembe,
murakoze cyane muvandimwe. Murakoze cyaneeee….
Dore rero icyo mpora mvuga. Uyu munyarubuga asangiye na twe igitekerezo kirimwo umuti-nyakuri wa kiriya kibazo.
Ndongeraho akantu gato gusa. Dore abadepite ubatungiye agatoki, bazakore rwose iyo bwabaga, maze bagire bwangu, amategeko ageho. Bibaye ngombwa barema itsinda, maze rigakora urugendo-shuri mu mahanga….
Mugire amahoro, Ingabire-Ubazineza
Ibyo muvuze pe n’ukuri kandi niko byagombye kubaho,kera King faycal yarifite Net care insurance sinzi ko ubyagiye,kandi niyo bibaye atari ikibazo kitasubirwamwo,hopital ifata umurwayi en charge bakamuvura,iyo kirenze bara mu transfera ds des hopitaux etrangers bakorana natwe,ariko insurance medical iri très importants,kandi na formation ziringombwa avant d’avoir les salaires. Ubu un Médécin yakira abarwayi batari munsi yi jana<100 personnes.itegeko rikwiriye kwigwa,na Association des Medecins nizera ko bumva.
naho se amakosa yo kwitiranya imiti ku ba pharmacists cyane cyane aba nurses? polaramine = chloramine??, hydergine = methergine, algesal = micozal, fercefol = oracefal, digoxine = alaxine, etc, etc! imiti itagize isano n’imwe ifitanye! ikibabaje ni uko umurwayi akenshi abarwayi bo muri ibi bihugu batabimenya ngo babigeze ku nzego zibishinzwe!! babaye babihageza wasanga amakosa yagaragara yaba nayo ari mesnhi kandi rimwe na rimwe akabije kimwe n’ariya mwagiye muvugaho!
aba ganga ntabwo twavuga ibibi gusa kuko nkeka ko twemeranya twese ko c’est un travail tres noble kandi koko abagakora kabasaba ubwitange bwinshi!ntitukarebe ibibi gusa,abaganga nabo ni abantu kandi tuzi ko tout homme es faible ,so njye kubwanjye numva twajyadusengera abaganga bacu kugirango imana izajye ibayobora mu mwuga wabo ikabarinda impanuka nkizo!
Merci Nancy,ndagushimira kubwiyo oponion utanze,kandi n’ukuri c’est un travail tres lourds kandi birarushya cyane.mudusengere
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